

















































































































I 




















































































































j*tatc Board of Jtealtlt of Slew Xforh. 


REPORT 

ON THE 

POTABLE WATER SUPPLY 

OF THE 

City of New York. 




I Extract from Ninth Annual Report.I 































I 


i 

!>• 


i; 













jrtntc iiouvtl of fjkalth of iUuu lijovh. 

ii 


-> 0 ) 

> *) > 
» \ ’ 


) 3 


) >• 

>* > 

) « ) 

) > 
-> 1 > 

) •) v3 3 

3 « 

1 


) 3 ) 

’ 5 > , 

> > > 

) 

x > 5 ) 

3 

) 

3 3)3 

3 3 3 , 3 3 

> 


> 

3 

5 > 

y 

3 

■> 3 

i > i 

) 3 

> ) : 

> > 

) 

, > 

) 

3 

3 3 

3 3 * 3 3 

if 


1 > ) 

J 

) -v * 

) 

) 

3 3 

3 J 3 > 

r 

■* -i .) } 

) i 

' «3 



v) 

3 W -3 '3 

3 V ^ 3 


REPORT 

ON THE 


POTABLE WATER SUPPLY 


OF THE 


City of New York. 



[Extract from Ninth Annual Report.) 




























C C 


c 

• • 


.C «' c * © 


c c 
c 


V c 

C 9 

«t o c e 

' © <F *> 

r e • c c e v 


c t c 


c c «■ c 


•;«< < * c c 
j e * „ « 

! ^ 

« 


o • 

€ C 


' l * 

«- c • e 

6 9 


c* c c c C. e 

f c <r * • 

«e •c• o 
o c © • 

t 6 ( C c 4 


• w « 

€ 

©• 


e ( 

« c 

c e • 


c c c 
( « 
C t ( f 


C c 

« 

#« 


c c 


• • 
t< 0 

) 9 


9 9 


«■ « e 

« 

€ C 


• a • 


C CJ 
€ © 

9 • 

c- „ « 



# 



REPORT. 


A 

N 

$ 



-*♦,- 

On the thirteenth of June application was made by the 
official head of New York city, Hon. Abram S. Hewitt, 
to the State Board of Health requesting a thorough 
examination to be made into the sanitary conditions 
surrounding the sources of supply and storage of the 
waters transmitted to the city of New York for con¬ 
sumption, and that such regulations be framed as would 
afford the largest measure of protection to the inhabi¬ 
tants of the city against the pollution of the water. 
The State Board at once responded to this application, 
engaged engineers and made a thorough examination of 
the water-sheds, mapping out every source of pollution 
threatening the water supply, exhibiting these on elabo¬ 
rate maps, and by photographs taken on the spot which 
latter have been reproduced by photo-engravings. The 
result of this examination appears in the exhaustive 
report presented by the Engineer, Professor C. C. Brown, 
concurred in by Consulting Engineer Emil Kuichling. On 
this report, and upon all the other information possessed 
by the Board, were formulated, in accordance with cnap- 
ter 543 of the Laws of 1885, certain rules for the sani¬ 
tary protection of the water-sheds, which will be found 
in their proper place. 

The general principle upon which we have proceeded 
in framing the accompanying rules is as follows: 

First, ffhe establishment of a marginal zone around 
every lake, pond or reservoir adjacent to every spring, 



IV 


stream or natural water-course of any kind on the entire 
water-shed of the Croton river, and on those portions of 
the water-sheds of the Bronx and Byram rivers now used 
for the water supply of the city of New York. The width 
of said zone adjacent to the lakes, ponds and reservoirs 
has been taken at fifty feet; while for that adjacent to the 
tributaries the nominal distance of thirty feet has been 
prescribed. From these zones it is the purpose of the 
rules to exclude all kinds of contamination upon or below 
the surface of the ground. 

Second. Recognizing the fact that many habitations and 
vested interests are adjacent to the lakes, ponds and reser¬ 
voirs and their tributaries, which must be considered, a 
second zone has been established adjacent to the first 
named which is 200 feet wide around lakes, ponds or reser¬ 
voirs, and 100 feet wide around or along tributaries. From 
this zone it is the intention to prevent defilement of die 
surface soil and the subsoil; and to this end restrictions as 
to the manner of maintaining sources of actual or possible 
pollution have been made. The restrictions are based upon 
the fundamental principle that the accidental deposit of 
solid organic wastes must be retained upon the surface of 
the ground or transferred by natural agencies over such 
distance as will render their entrance into the waters highly 
improbable. While the State Board of Health, in estab¬ 
lishing these limits for filtration or percolation of sewage 
through soil, does not fix the same as absolutely safe under 
all circumstances, yet in considering the general topograph¬ 
ical and geological characteristics of the water-sheds, 
lying in the counties of Westchester, Putnam and Dutchess, 
it is thought that such limits will afford reasonable guaran¬ 
tee of the resulting discharge being safe when not in too 
large volume. To provide for every conceivable condition 
is manifestly impossible, and hence only general rules can 
be formulated. When the rock or other impervious stratum 
is covered only by a thin layer of very porous material, like 
gravel, or when the entire subsoil is formed of such mate¬ 
rial, this distance must obviously be increased. On the 
other hand, when, owing to the topographical peculiarities, 
it is impossible to comply with the strict provisions of the 


V 


above rules, proper modification may be permitted by the 
substitution of such devices or constructions as shall re¬ 
ceive the special approval of the State Board of Health. 

It is also recognized that improvements in methods of 
disposal of all kinds of waste are from time to time 
effected, and, therefore, provision is made to enable 
those who are more or less annoyed by the operation 
of the rules to take advantage of the improvements 
upon proper application to the State Board of Health. 

While not desirous of burdening itself with the extra 
work involved in hearing applications for modification of 
rules and determining upon their merits, the State Board 
feels it cannot shirk the responsibility, nor delegate the 
power conferred upon it by law to another. As the 
sanitary adviser of the local boards of health through¬ 
out the counties included in the area of the water¬ 
sheds, and having more or less supervision of their 
work in the protection of the public health, it considers 
it better to stand ready to assume this added labor 
rather than permit the same to be acted upon by the 
various local boards, where much difference of opinion 
might materially affect its efficacy. 

With reference to the tributaries to lakes, ponds and 
reservoirs, the limit in which restrictions have been 
imposed have been taken somewhat smaller than in the 
case of the larger bodies of water, in view of the fact, 
that before such polluted matter can reach the reservoirs 
or ponds from which the supply is taken, it is prob¬ 
able, that certain purification will have been accomplished 
by flow through a greater or less length in open water¬ 
courses, and by the exposure of such matter to the 
modifying or destroying influences therein contained. 

Similarly with liquid wastes leaching from the solids 
that have accidently been deposited, whereby percola- 


tion or filtration through or over a sufficient width of 
earth or natural soil has been provided. 

The most dangerous of all organic wastes are univer¬ 
sally recognized to be human excreta in the broadest 
sense of the term. Hence the rules with reference to 
privies, vaults, cesspools, etc. 

Next in the order of danger come the excreta from the 
various domestic animals and the derivatives of such 
manures, compounds, etc. While these may not contain 
specific poisons which act violently upon the health of 
human beings, they nevertheless produce favorable con¬ 
ditions for the development of such specific poisons, 
be the origin chemical or biological (ptomaines or 
bacteria). 

Lastly come ordinary household slops and manufactur¬ 
ing wastes. For these similar restrictions have been 
made as to their deposit within a certain distance of 
the water’s edge of any lake, pond or reservoir or tribu¬ 
tary. It may be remarked, that wherever the words 
“water’s edge” are used, they are understood to refer to 
the edge when the water is at its highest stage, also in 
case the banks or shores of the water-courses are pre¬ 
cipitous or very abrupt, with little or no intervening 
land between the foot of such declivity and said high- 
water mark, that the upper edge of such bank will be 
considered as the point from which distance is to be 
estimated. It will be seen, that the restrictions for 
such places are in general less severe than for the more 
dangerous nuisances. 

The operation of these rules, so far as polluting 
organic matter is concerned, refers only to such as is 
putrescible. It leaves non-putrescible suostances to be 
taken care of by the general sense of decency that the 
people of the place possess. 


* • 

Vll 

t 

It also urgently recommends to all parties dealing with 
dead animal matter, that may be buried in the ground 
outside of prohibited limits, to hasten decomposition of 
such matter by the liberal use of . quick-lime or other 
agents which will greatly accelerate decomposition of 
such material as well as diminish the dangers arising 
therefrom. The investigations of the State Board of 
Health, as well as similar investigations by sanitary 
authorities in other places, have shown a very great 
danger resulting to the purity of public water supplies 
by the leachings from cemeteries. The distance through 
which infected matter can be carried from these sources 
varies with the character of the subsoil. It is desirable 
to remove the cemeteries as far as possible from the 
waters, as above defined, in any lakes, ponds or reser¬ 
voirs or tributaries. While the remains of the dead at 
present interred should not be needlessly disturbed, all 
future interments within 250 feet of the margin of the 
water supply should be prohibited. 

With reference to the drainage from manured fields 
and gardens, much may be said in the way of restric¬ 
tion in so far as the character of the fertilizer is con¬ 
cerned. Its modes of application are exceedingly vari¬ 
ous. In a general sense the rules must be made within 
a reasonable compass. The restrictions are that the 
manure shall immediately be thoroughly incorporated 
with the surface soil in order to subject it at once to 
the processes of nitrification ; also, that the amount of 
manure thus deposited and incorporated shall not be 
excessive in amount or concentrated at one or more 
points. 

Furthermore, that while the use of fertilizers, within 
the limits to which the restrictions in general apply, 
may not be absolutely prohibited, yet it is deemed 


Ylll 


advisable to prohibit the use of certain kinds of fertil¬ 
izers, in the first rank of which human excreta may be 
placed. The amount and degree of concentration of 
other less objectionable fertilizers must also be confined 
to the smallest possible amount. 

This restriction is made because the soluble element 
of all fertilizers after reaching the water tends to stimu¬ 
late enormously the development of all kinds of aquatic 
vegetation, some of which, as is well known, becomes, 
under certain circumstances, exceedingly disagreeable by 
imparting a peculiar taste and odor to the water. There¬ 
fore, in the restricted territory, immediately adjoining 
all large bodies of water and their tributaries, the use of 
such fertilizers should be limited to the least possible 
amount. 

While the rules do not enumerate all possible sources 
of pollution, or even all those which have been specified 
in the engineering report, it has not been thought expe¬ 
dient to incumber them with a multitude of details, the 
execution of which would, in all probability, be per¬ 
formed by aqueduct commissioners or their agents 
spontaneously. In this class of details may be placed 
the drainage and improvements or exclusion of swamps, 
bogs and marshes, and the removal of improper surface 
vegetation, the excavation of shallow places m the reser¬ 
voir, the removal of deposits and shoals more or less 
impregnated with organic matter that have accumulated 
at the mouths of the tributaries of the various lakes, 
ponds and reservoirs ; the location and construction of 
roads and highways in such nianner that the drainage 
waters therefrom shall be insured a reasonable degree 
of purification by flow through or over the surface of 
the land before reaching the principal water-courses or 
stored waters. 


IX 


Special attention of the local authorities is directed to 
the above point, with the earnest recommendation that 
suitable measures be taken by them to bring about the 
accomplishment of the purpose herein sought; namely, 
the exclusion of offensive organic matter from the drink¬ 
ing water furnished to the metropolis. 

It is a source of regret that the industrial interests 
of the water-sheds are somewhat affected by this 
same purpose ; nevertheless, it must be regarded as a 
kind of offset to the advantage resulting from proximity 
of such establishments to the great central marts of the 
country ; and it is only just that these advantages be 
attended with corresponding obligations and responsi¬ 
bilities. The purity of the water supply furnished to 
the enormous population absolutely dependent upon it 
for the preservation of health in the great city, is of 
vastly greater consequence than the trivial pecuniary 
advantage that may accrue to the manufacturer by 
saving the expense of properly purifying all elements of 
pollution emanating from his establishment. 

ii 


f 





Rules and Regulations 

FOR THE 


SANITARY PROTECTION 

OF THE 

CROTON RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES, 


IN THE 

Counties of Westchester, Putnam and Dutchess, and of so much 
of the Bronx and Byram Rivers and their Tributaries in 
the County of Westchester, as are now used 
for the Supply of Water for the 
City of New York. 




















Rules and Regulations. 


♦♦ 


Privies Adjacent to Lakes, Ponds or Reservoirs, and Water- 

Courses. 

First .— No privy, or place for the deposit or storage of human 
excreta, shall be constructed, located or maintained within fifty 
(50) feet, horizontal measurement, of the high-water mark of 
any lake, pond or reservoir, or within thirty (30) feet, horizontal 
measurement, of the high-water mark or precipitous bank of any 
spring, stream or water-course of any kind, tributary to said 
lakes, ponds or reservoirs on the entire water-shed of the 
Croton river, or on those portions of the water-sheds of the 
Bronx and Byram rivers now used for the water supply of 
the city of New York. 

Second .— No privy vault, pit or cesspool, or non-transportable 
receptacle of any kind for the reception or storage of human 
excreta shall be constructed, located or maintained within two 
hundred and fifty (250) feet, horizontal measurement, of the 
high-water mark of any lake, pond or reservoir, or within one 
hundred and thirty (130) feet, horizontal measurement, of the 
high-water mark or the precipitous bank of any spring, stream 
or water-course of any kind on the entire water-shed of the 
Croton river, or on those portions of the water-sheds of the 
Bronx and Byram rivers now used for the water supply of 
the city of New York. 

Third .— Every privy, or place for the deposit of human 
excreta, which is constructed, located or maintained between 
the aforesaid limits of fifty (50) feet and two hundred and 
fifty (250) feet, horizontal measurement, of the high-water 




XIV 


mark of any lake, pond or reservoir, or within the limits of 
thirty (30) feet and one hundred and thirty (130) feet, hori¬ 
zontal measurement, or the high-water mark or precipitous 
bank of any spring, stream or water-course tributary to such 
lakes, ponds or reservoirs, on the entire water-shed of the 
Croton river, or on those portions of the water-sheds of the 

Bronx and Byram rivers now used for the water supply of the 

<*• 

city of New York, and from which the said excreta are not at 
once removed automatically, by means of suitable water-tight 
pipes or conduits, to some proper place of ultimate disposal, 
as hereinafter provided, shall be arranged in such manner that 
all said excreta shall be received and temporarily maintained 
in suitable vessels or receptacles, which shall at all times be 
maintained in an absolutely water-tight condition, and which 
will admit of convenient removal to some place of ultimate 
disposal, as hereinafter set forth. 

Fourth .— Whenever it shall be found that, owing to the 
porous character of the soil, the height and flow of the sur¬ 
face and subsoil waters, the steepness of the slopes, or other 
special condition of the locality, the excremental matter from 
any privy, cesspool or other receptacle for human excreta, 
situated within the limits hereinbefore provided, may be 
washed over the surface or through the subsoil into any lake, 
pond or reservoir, or into any spring, stream or water-course trib¬ 
utary to such lake, pond or reservoir on said water-shed of the 
Croton river, or on those portions of the water-sheds of 
the Bronx and Byram rivers now used for the water supply 
of the city of New York, without having been thereby, in the 
judgment of the State Board of Health, sufficiently purified, 
then the said privy, cesspool or other receptacle for human 
excreta shall, after due notice to the owner thereof, be removed 
to such greater distances from said high-water marks as 
shall be considered safe and proper by the State Board of 
Health. 


XV 


Fifth .— All said receptacles for human excreta must be pro¬ 
vided with tightly-fitting covers, which shall be securely applied 
during the process of removal, so that no portion of the con¬ 
tents of said receptacle shall escape therefrom while being 
transported from the privy to the place of ultimate disposal. 

Sixth .— A sufficient number of duplicate receptacles of said 
general description or character shall be provided, so that when 
one of the same is removed from the privy an empty receptacle 
may at once be substituted in its place. 

Seventh .— All such receptacles, when filled, shall be removed 
to some place of ultimate disposal as hereinafter provided, and 
said receptacles themselves shall be thoroughly cleansed and 
deodorized as often as may be found necessary to maintain the 
privy in proper sanitary condition, and to prevent an overflow 
of the excreta upon the soil or floor of said privy. 

Eighth .— The excreta collected in the aforesaid receptacle 
shall be removed to some convenient place of ultimate dis¬ 
posal, which shall be not less than two hundred and fifty 
(250) feet from the high-water mark or precipitous bank of 
any lake, pond or reservoir, and not less than one hundred 
and thirty (130) feet from the high-water mark or precipitous 
bank of any stream, spring or water-course of any kind on the 
entire water-shed of the Croton river, or on those portions of 
the water-sheds of the Bronx and Byram rivers now used for 
the water supply of the city of New York, and from which 
they can not be directly washed by rain, or melting snow, or 
otherwise over the surface of the ground into any lake, pond 
or reservoir, or into any spring, stream, water-course, channel 
or well which is tributary thereto on the entire water-shed of 
the Croton river, or on those portions of the water-sheds of 
the Bronx and Byram rivers now used for the water supply 
of the city of New York. 

Ninth .— In the absence of any other manner of disposal of 
the excreta collected as aforesaid, which is not specifically 


XVI 


approved by the State Board of Health after due submission 
to said board, the said excreta shall be disposed of by dig¬ 
ging the same into the surface soil or by burial in trenches of 
moderate depth in places where the character of the sub-soil 
and the depth of the ground-water level will afford ample 
security both against the undue pollution of such ground-water 
and the soil itself, and for the efficient filtration of the liquid 
contents of the said receptacles. 

Tenth .— The removal of the aforesaid receptacles from the 
privies shall be conducted in such manner as to cause as 
little inconvenience or annoyance to the occupants of the 
premises as is compatible with proper management of the work. 

House Slops, Sink Wastes, Laundry Water and other 

Similar Sewage. 

Eleventh .— No sewage, house slops, sink wastes, water in which 
clothes or bedding have been washed or rinsed, nor any other 
polluted water or liquid shall be thrown or discharged directly 
into an}^ lake, pond or reservoir as aforesaid, or into any 
spring, stream or water-course tributary thereto, nor shall any 
such aforesaid liquid or solid matter or other polluted liquid 
be thrown or discharged upon the surface of the ground or 
into the ground below the surface in any manner whereby the 
same may flow into any lake, pond or reservoir, or into any 
spring, stream or water-course tributary thereto within fifty 
(50) feet, horizontal measurement, or the high-water mark in 
any lake, pond or reservoir, or within thirty (30) feet of the 
high-water mark or the precipitous bank of any spring, stream 
or water-course tributary to said lakes, ponds or reservoirs. 

Twelfth .— The foregoing rule shall be considered applicable 
only where the quantity of such polluted water or liquid wastes 
is small, such as may be derived from a single family, but 
when relatively large quantities of such wastes are produced 
and are thrown or discharged upon or below the surface of 


XY11 


the ground at any point beyond tlie aforesaid limits, in such 
manner 01 \ olume as to cause the same to How over the sur- 
race of the ground, or through it below the surface, into any 
]ake, pond or reservoir, or into any spring, stream or water¬ 
course tributary thereto, without having been thereby, in the 
judgment of the State Board of Health, sufficiently purified; 
then, upon due notice to the owners or occupants of the premises 
from which such discharge comes, the aforesaid distances shall 
be increased respectively to such other limits as shall appear 
justified to said State Board of Health. 

Thirteenth .— In case that human excrement is mingled with 
any of the aforesaid polluted water or other sewage, the dis¬ 
charge of the same upon or below the surface of the ground 
will be governed by the rule relating to privies. 

Fourteenth .— No clothes or unclean objects of any kind shall 
be washed in any lake, pond or reservoir, or in any spring, 
stream or water-course tributary thereto. 

Garbage and Refuse. 

Fifteenth .— No garbage or putrescible refuse of any kind shall 
be thrown or discharged directly into any lake, pond or reser¬ 
voir, or into any spring, stream or water-course tributary thereto; 
nor shall any such substances be placed in large quantities 
upon or below the surface of the ground where they may be 

washed into any lake, pond or reservoir, or into any spring, 

•« 

stream or water-course tributary thereto, within one hundred 
(100) feet of the high-water mark in any lake, pond or reser¬ 
voir, or within fifty (50) feet of the high-water mark or precip¬ 
itous bank of any spring, stream or water-course tributary to 
said lakes, ponds or reservoirs. 

Sixteenth .— The State Board of Health shall have the right 
to increase the aforesaid distances in all cases where, in its 


111 


XV111 


judgment, it may appear that injury to the purity of the water 
results from the deposit or storage of garbage or putrescible 

refuse as aforesaid. 

Seventeenth .—Where it becomes impracticable to comply with 
the foregoing rules so far as the disposal of garbage or putres¬ 
cible refuse upon or below the surface of the ground is con¬ 
cerned, then suitable water-tight receptacles must be provided 
and be so located and maintained on the premises that none 
of the contents thereof shall escape and pollute the waters as 
heretofore indicated. 

Manures, Composts and Similar Matter. 

Eighteenth .— No stable, pig-sty, hen-house, barn-yard, hog- 
yard, hitching or standing-place for horses or cattle, or other 
place where animal manure accumulates, shall be constructed, 
located or maintained within one hundred (100) feet of the 
high-water mark in any lake, pond or reservoir, or within fifty 
(50) feet of the high-water mark or precipitous bank of any 
spring, stream or water-course tributary to said lakes, ponds 
or reservoirs. 

Nineteenth .— No stable, pig-sty, hen-house, barn-yard, hog- 
yard, hitching or standing-place for horses or cattle, or other 
place where animal manure accumulates, shall be arranged or 
maintained in such manner that the washings or drainage 
therefrom may flow through open or covered drains or chan¬ 
nels into any pond, lake or reservoir, or into any spring, 
stream or water-course tributary thereto, without having 
undergone proper purification. 

Twentieth .— The foregoing rules shall also apply to composts 
and to masses of fermented or decayed fruit, vegetables, roots 
grain, sawdust, leaves, or other vegetable substances, which 
may be used either alone or in combination with other matter 
as manure, or as food for domestic animals, 


Dead Animals, Vegetable Defuse and Manufacturing Wastes. 

Twenty-first. No dead animal, bird, fowl, fish or reptile, or 
parts thereof, nor any filthy or decaying matter of animal 
or vegetable origin derived from human habitations, barns or 
stables, nor any putrescible matter or waste product or pol¬ 
luted liquid from any slaughter-houses, creameries, condensed 
milk factories, cheese factories, breweries, distilleries, cider- 
mills, w ine 01 beer vaults, sugar or glucose factories, tanneries, 
woolen-mills, paper-mills, pulp-mills, saw-mills, or other 
manufactories, shall be thrown, discharged, drained or washed 
into any lake, pond or reservoir, or into any spring, stream or 
water-course tributary thereto. 

Twenty-second .— No dead animal, bird, fish, fowl or reptile, or 
any part thereof, shall be buried in the ground within two 
hundred and fifty (250) feet of the high-water mark of any 
lake, pond or reservoir, or within one hundred and thirty (130) 
feet of the high-water mark or precipitous bank of any spring, 
stream or water-course tributary thereto. 

Twenty-third .— No live sheep or other animals shall be washed 
in any lake, pond or reservoir, or in any spring, stream or water¬ 
course tributary thereto; neither shall any person swim, bathe 
or wash in any of said lakes, ponds or reservoirs, or in the 
streams tributary thereto. 

Twenty-fourth .— The waste liquids which may be polluted with 
putrescible or deleterious organic matter from any of the opera¬ 
tions above indicated shall all be thoroughly filtered or otherwise 
purified before being allowed to escape into any lake, pond or 
reservoir, or into any spring, stream or water-course tributary 
thereto. 

Cemeteries. 

Tiventy-fifth .—No interment shall be made in any cemetery or 
other place of burial on the entire water-shed of the Croton 
river, or on those portions of the water-sheds of the Bronx and 
By ram rivers now used for the water supply of the city of New 


XX 


York, within two hundred and fifty (250) feet, horizontal measure¬ 
ment, of the high-water mark in any lake, pond or reservoir, or 
within one hundred and thirty (130) feet, horizontal measure¬ 
ment, of the high-water mark or precipitous bank of any spring, 
stream or water-course tributary to such lakes, ponds or 
reservoirs. 

Twenty-sixth .— Whenever it shall be brought to the notice of 
the State Board of Health that, owing to the porous 
character of the soil, the height and flow of the subsoil 
waters, the steepness of the slopes or other special conditions 
of the locality, the percolation or drainage from any cemetery 
or place of burial is polluting the waters of any lake, pond or 
reservoir, or of any spring, stream or water-course tributary 
thereto, the aforesaid limits within which interments are not 
permitted shall be extended as much further from said 
high-water marks as shall be considered safe and proper by 
the State Board of Health. 

Provision for Appeals to State Board of Health. 

Twenty-seventh .— Wherever any system of treating excremental 
matter from any dwelling, hotel, stable, factory or other 
building from which such matter may be discharged, by 
means of subsurface irrigation, filtration, chemical process 
or otherwise, has already been established, and now discharges 
the effluent liquid or . solid matter anywhere within two 
hundred and fifty (250) feet, horizontal measurement, of the 
high-water mark in any lake, pond or reservoir, or within 
one hundred and thirty (130) feet, horizontal measurement, 
of the high-water mark or precipitous bank of any spring, 
stream or water-course tributary to such lakes, ponds or 
reservoirs on said water-sheds, such discharge shall no longer 
be permitted, but must be carried to some suitable point 
beyond said limits respectively, unless especially allowed by 
the State Board of Health. 


XXI 


Twenty-eighth .— Wherever any system of treating house-slops, 
sink-wastes, laundry water, stable drainage, factory wastes or 
refuse, garbage, or any other putrescible waste matter or the 
drainage therefrom, by means of subsurface irrigation, filtration, 
chemical process or otherwise, has already been established and 
now discharges the effluent liquid or solid matter anywhere 
within fifty (50) feet, horizontal measurement, of the high-water 
mark in any lake, pond or reservoir, or within thirty (30) feet, 
horizontal measurement, of the high-water mark or precipitous 
bank of any tributary spring, stream or water-course, such 
discharge shall no longer be permitted, but must be carried to 
some suitable point beyond said limits respectively, unless 
specially allowed by the State Board of Health. 

Penalty. 

In accordance with section 2 of chapter 543 of the Laws of 
1885, a penalty of not less than fifty nor more than one 
hundred dollars is hereby imposed upon any corporation, person 
or persons, guilty of a violation of, or non-compliance with any 
of the above given mandatory rules or regulations; to be 
recovered under said act. 

At a special meeting of the State Board of Health, held on 
the 15th of March, 1889, at the Capitol, in the city of Albany, 
the foregoing rules and regulations were made, ordained and 
established, pursuant to chapter 543 of the Laws of 1885, for 
the protection of the water-shed of the Croton river and its 
tributaries in the counties of Westchester, Putnam and 
Dutchess, and of so much of the Bronx and Byram rivers 
and their tributaries in the county of Westchester as are now 
used for the supply of water for the city of New York. 

THOS. NEWBOLD, 

President. 

LEWIS BALCH, M. D., 

Secretary and Executive Officer. 


XXII 


White Plains, N. Y., March 26, 1889. 

Pursuant to chapter 543 of the Laws of 1885, as amended by 
chapter 52 of the Laws of 1888, I, Jackson 0. Dykman, a justice 
of the Supreme Court of the State of New York, in and for the 
second judicial district, within which district the counties of 
Westchester, Putnam and Dutchess are situated, do hereby 
approve of the foregoing rules and regulations, made, ordained 
and established by the State Board of Health on the 15th day of 
March, 1889, for-the sanitary protection of the Croton river and 
its tributaries, and of so much of the Bronx and Byram rivers as 
are now used for the supply of water for the city of New York. 

J. 0. DYKMAN, 

Justice Supreme Court. 


ENGINEER’S REPORT. 















REPORT 

OF 

Inspection of the Croton Water-shed. 

By CHARLES C. BROWN, Civil Engineer. 


Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., January 26, 1889. 
Lewis Balch, M. D., 

Secretary State Board of Health: 

Dear Sir. — The following report of an inspection of the 
water-slied of the Croton river, from which the city of New 
York draws the greater part of its water supply, is respect¬ 
fully submitted, together with such other data as were obtain¬ 
able, and with such deductions and comments as have been 
deemed advisable and proper. 

In making the inspection, the following classification of the 
various impurities to which surface water is subject was borne 
in mind : 

(a.) That polluting materials may be entirely innocuous, 
either in themselves or in their effects upon other substances 
in the water; 

(h.) That the substances having a deleterious effect upon the 
water, as a potable water, may be of inorganic or of organic 
origin; 

(c.) That the organic matters may be of vegetable or of 
animal origin; and 

(d.) That pollution from human excreta is more dangerous 
to the users of the polluted water than pollution from other 
animal sources or from vegetable organisms. 



2 


It is recognized tliat many of these substances become 
obnoxious indirectly also, by stimulating the development of 
various kinds of aquatic life, for which they furnish the neces¬ 
sary food. 

The plan of the report is as folloAvs: 

I. A description of the natural characteristics of the water¬ 
shed, giving its location, extent, geological formation, character 
of surface and soil, amount of rainfall and of river-discliarge, 
including therein a statement of the natural sources of pollu¬ 
tion to the water supply, both inorganic and organic. 

II. A statement of the artificial sources of pollution of the 
water supply by inorganic and organic matter. A knowledge 
of these sources was obtained by two different and independent 
personal inspections. 

(A.) The first of these was made under the direction of the 
health department of the city of New York in December, 1884, 
and January, 1885. The results of this inspection, condensed 
and tabulated from the report of Mr. Alfred Lucas, the inspector, 
are given in Table III, with a statement of the scope and detail 
thereof, as inferred from the second more extended inspection. 
This latter was made by Mr. Charles C. Brow^i, during July, 
August and September, 1888. The results are given in detail 
as follows : 

( B .) Table IV gives the number of possible individual sources 
of pollution to each water-course in the entire water-shed, 
and the number of these sources requiring some measure of 
attention. An explanation of the differences in plan of the 
two inspections and of the numerical differences accompanies 
the table. 

( C .) Tables III and IY are accompanied by four plates of 
maps and sketches, Plates I to IY, which show with sufficient 
accuracy for the purposes of this report, the location of prac¬ 
tically every building on that portion of the water-slied lying 
in this State; and in the cases of some of the villages the 


3 


sketches also show details of direction of surface drainage, 
location of surface and underground drains, etc. 

(D.) Detailed descriptions of the villages are given, with par¬ 
ticular reference to their adaptability to various methods of 
disposal of the organic wastes from the dwellings and out¬ 
buildings of the inhabitants. 

(E.) Then follows a short statement of general sources of 
pollution, such as manured fields, roads and streets, plant 
growth in reservoirs and streams. 

(F.) A large number of photographs of various sources of 
pollution were taken, and another series of views shows the 
character of the bed and banks of the proposed Quaker 
Bridge reservoir. Many of these are reproduced in Plates 
Y to LXIX. A detailed description of all, whether repro¬ 
duced or not, is given in the list of Descriptions of 
Photographs. 

III. A discussion of the condition of the Croton water, 
chemically considered, for a series of years, with tables show¬ 
ing the results of analyses at various times. This discussion 
is furnished by Professor Elwyn Waller, Pli. D., of Columbia 
College, who has made many of the analyses, some of which 
are here published for the first time. Plate LXX gives 
graphical representations of some of the results. 

IY. General descriptions of several methods of systematically 
disposing of the organic wastes from villages and hamlets 
show, with the descriptions of the villages, the adaptability 
of any of the various systems that may be suggested to indi¬ 
vidual cases. 

Acknowledgments for assistance, which has always been 
cheerfully rendered, are due to the Aqueduct Commission, 
especially to the former chief engineer, Mr. B. S. Church, 
C. E.; to the Department of Public Works; to the Depart¬ 
ment of Public Health of Xew York city, and to the chief 
engineers of the JSfcw York Central and Hudson River rail- 


4 


road and the New York and Northern railroad. Much credit 
should likewise be given to Professor A. E. Phillips, of 
Purdue University, for his excellent photographic work and 
the preparation of maps and sketches. The artistic and 
accurate work of Mr. F. P. Burt in reproducing the photo¬ 
graphs for publication, is deserving of much praise. 

I wish, especially, to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. 
Emil Kuichling, C. E., the consulting engineer, for the very 
great amount of assistance he has rendered me in my prepara¬ 
tion for writing this report and in getting it in proper form. 
His assistance has been invaluable. The fourth division of the 
report, especially, is largely due to his advice and direction. 

I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CROTON WATER-SHED. 

The Croton river rises in the southern part of Dutchess 
county, New York, at a distance of about sixty-eight miles 
from the lower end of New York city. There are three main 
branches, called the East, Middle and West branches, which 
flow southward across Putnam county, joining to form the 
Croton river near its southern boundary, and flowing thence 
in a general southwesterly direction to the Hudson, which is 
entered at Croton Point, about thirty-five miles north of the 
lower end of New York city. Practically the entire water¬ 
shed of the river is above the site of the proposed Quaker 
Bridge dam. Its extent is about thirty-three miles north and 
south, with an average width of about eleven miles, making in 
all about 361 square miles from which water may be gathered 
for the supply of the city. Three • hundred and thirty-eight 
square miles of the water-slied is above the Croton dam, 
and furnishes water to the present supply. Most of the 
water-shed lies in the State of New York, only a small 
proportion extending into the State of Connecticut on the 
east. 


5 


The geological formation is that of the primordial division, 
according to the system of the New York Geological Survey. 
The rocks are metamorphic in character, consisting principally 
of gneiss. Theie aie a few strata of limestone, ranging in 
composition between pure carbonate of lime and dolomite, 
and some stiata of micaceous and talcose slates. Some veins 
of granite, serpentine and iron ores are found. The strata dip 
generally to the east and at a large angle (from 30° to 90°), 
but there are numerous local exceptions to this rule. The 
principal localities at which limestone crops out are near 
Pine s Bridge, just west of Katonah, on Plum brook near 
Somers, near Purdys, at intervals between Purdys and North 
Salem, at Bedford village, near Cross pond, and in two 
places west of Peach lake, in Westchester county; south of 
Carmel, near Tilly Foster Mines, and from Pawling to three or 
four miles south of Patterson, in Putnam and Dutchess coun¬ 
ties. The principal localities at which iron is found are in the 
hill just west of the East branch of Croton river between 
Brewster and Croton Falls (Theall mines) at Tilly Foster 
on the Middle branch reservoir, and at Mahopac Mines, 
northwest of Lake Mahopac, at which places magnetic iron 
ore is mined. There are indications of hematite near the 
Putnam county poor-house, west of Carmel, and greater or 
less amounts of “ sulphate of alumina and iron ” and of 
pyrites are found near the Theall mines, also near Luding- 
tonville, Dean’s pond, Pine pond, Boyd’s Corners reservoir, 
and at several places along the road west from Patterson for 
three or four miles. There are probably one or two places 
in the northwestern part of the water-slied where arsenical 
compounds may be found, but the iron mines are reported 
to be free from such impurities, and there can be no appre¬ 
ciable amount of them communicated to the water from any 
source since arsenic is not found in making chemical analyses 
of the water as delivered to the city. 


6 


The surface soil is generally very porous in character, con¬ 
taining sand or gravel in large proportions. There is but 
little clay on or immediately under the surface, though clay 
and “ hard-pan ” are found in some places at greater or less 
depths below the surface. There are but few drift deposits 
on the water-shed, and the river beds not on or through 
such deposits, appear to be generally of solid rock or of 
gravelly deposits upon solid rock. There are, however, several 
deposits of peat and peat-like material on the w T ater-shed. 
The principal ones in extent are about fifty acres at York- 
town railroad station, draining partly into Muscoot * river and 
partly by a brook running south, directly into Croton lake; 
about sixty acres, one-fourtli mile west of Bedford village, 
draining through Davis brook; about 150 acres nearly three 
miles east of Golden’s Bridge, draining by a brook running 
west into Croton river; about 500 acres along the East 
branch of Croton river near Patterson; about twenty acres 
draining by Beaver brook into Middle Branch of Croton 
river; about thirty acres near the east side of Lake Mahopac, 
draining by Broad brook into the West Branch of Croton 
river. There are numerous smaller deposits along the course 
of brooks which amount, in the aggregate, to a considerable 
quantity, sufficient, with the deposits mentioned above, to 
give a decided peaty tinge to the water of several streams, 
notably Cross river, Muscoot river, Titicus river, the upper 
portion of East Branch of Croton river, and part of West 
Branch of Croton river. Many swamps were observed, which 
are not of a peaty nature, and are usually of small extent. 
The total area of peaty soil on the water-shed may be roughly 
estimated at two square miles, or one one-hundred-and-eiglitieth 
of the total area. The amount of water flowing through 
such swamps may be very roughly estimated at fifteen per 
cent of the total drainage from the water-slied. This list 


7 


gives all tlie possible sources of contamination of the water 
supply from natural causes that v T e have been able to deter¬ 
mine. With the exception of the contamination from peat 
and from the ordinary vegetation on the surface and in the 
streams, there is practically no natural source of pollution 
worth considering, and the water may therefore be regarded 
as being originally of excellent character. 

The following tables, which are copied from the Report of 
the Aqueduct Commissioners, 1883-1887, will give the rainfall 
and the flow of the Croton river for each month in each 
year from January 1, 1870, to December 31, 1886. 

The record of rainfall for Boyd’s Corners, given in Table I, 
was chosen from several obtained on the water-slied, as giving 
on the whole the best average result for the amount of rain¬ 
fall. (See report of Chief Engineer B. S. Church, page 50 
of Aqueduct Commissioners’ Report.) The tables were pre¬ 
pared from data furnished by the department of public 
works. The area of water-shed is taken at 338 square miles. 
(See Table 1 of above-mentioned report.) 

Two columns are added to each of Tables I and II, as 
the report goes to press, giving the rainfall and discharge 
of the river for the years 1887 and 1888. I am indebted 
to Mr. G. W. Birdsall, chief engineer of the Croton aque¬ 
duct, for these figures. 


TABLE I — Rainfall in Croton Basin. 

Record of rainfall at Boyd's Corners, in Croton Basin, for each month from 1870 to 1888, inclusive. 


8 





Cl 

m 

CO 

o 

in 

05 

in 

CO 

CO 

in 

05 

CO 

1 22 


© 



. 

1C 

00 

05 

rH 

Hi 

d 

05 

CO 

Hi 

05 

Hi 

Cl 

o 

CO 

in 



o* 

6* 

d 

Hi 

m 

Cl 

in 

in 

in 

CO 

o 

d 

Hi 

co 

Cl 




cc 













Hi 

d 




rH 



















05 

in 

O 

in 

tH 

m 

00 

CO 

rH 

GO 

CO 

Hi 

Hi 

CO 

co 



00 

Hi 

CO 

rH 

GO 

05 

CO 

d 

CO 

CO 

L'- 

CO 


rH 

CO 

in 



t- 

00 

rH 

Hi 

CO 

CO 

Cl 

Hi 

Hi 

Hi 

Cl 

CO 

CO 

Hi 

00 

Hi 

CO 
















in 

Cl 





00 

o 

CO 

in 

m 

in 

in 

Hi 

05 

CO 

CO 

Cl 

co 

CO 

co 




CO 

00 

CO 

CO 

00 

05 

CO 

in 

Hi 

CO 

rH 

in 

o 

d 

Hi 



cc 

Cl 

o 

t'- 

Cl 

o 

Hi 

Hi 

d 

rH 

CO 

CO 

rH 

CO 

d 




rH 













Hi 

Cl 





Cl 

rH 

CO 

CO 

05 

Cl 

Cl 

o 

rH 

o 

o 

in 

CO 

05 

rH 



co 

H< 

05 

CO 

Hi 

05 

in 

Hi 

d 

d 

in 

Hi 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 



L- 

rH 

"Hi 

CO 

Hi 

CO 

Cl 

CO 

rH 

in 

rH 

CO 

d 

o 

i h« 


w 

K 

Ph 


rH 













Hi 

Cl 



















w 



Hi 

t- 

05 

Hi 

CO 

ci 

O 

CO 

rH 

rH 

rH 

co 

CO 

t- 

CO 

« 


lO 


■Hi 

05 

O 

o 

o 

rH 

CO 

rH 

CO 

CO 

m 

CO 

CO 

CO 

PR 



Cl 

CO 

Hi* 

CO 

rH 

CO 

CO 

O* 

Cl 

CO 

Hi 

rH 

CO 












rH 





Hi 

Cl 


o 


















Xfl 


















w 

H 

o 



CO 

CO 


rH 

05 

t— 

00 

»n 

co 

o 

Cl 

CO 

L— 

in 

CO 


Hi 

05 

t— 

in 

CO 

05 

in 

05 

L-“ 

m 

Hi 

L- 

L— 

CO 

00 

CO 


00 

© 

Cl 

rH 

CO 

rH 

CO 

in 

d 

CO 

Cl 

Cl 

rH 

d 

CO 


fc 















Hi 

Cl 


hH 


















!?: 



CO 

05 

CO 


rH 

rH 


CO 

CO 

CO 

d 

CO 

t— 

CO 

Hi 

HH 


CO 

• CO 

o 

o 

t- 

05 

lH 

Cl 

L- 

t- 

rH 

L~ 

rH 

GO 

CO 

CO 





















oo 

lO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

Cl 

o* 

Cl 

in 

CO 

in 

CO* 

Hi 

CO 

l- 




rH 













Hi 

d 





Hi 

Cl 

05 

Hi 

05 

o 

Hi 

05 

05 

in 

rH 

CC' 

Hi 

05 

L— 



d 

Hi 

Cl 

in 

O 

CO 

o 

CO 

05 

CO 

rH 

05 

CO 

L'- 

rH 

Hi 



t- 

• 

















CO 

rH 

rH 

Cl 

CO 

CO 

Hi 

Hi 

in 

CO 

Cl 

Hi 

CO 

o 

05 




rH 













Hi 

rH 





O 

rH 

fc-* 

rH 

m 

CO 

t- 

Hi 

rfi 

CO 

in 

05 

Hi 

05 

CO 



rH 

CO 

00 

Cl 

o 

Hi 

tH 

O 

Cl 

Hi 

rH 

CO 

in 

05 

rH 

Hi 



00 

CO 

CO 

Hi* 

CO 

CO 

in 

m 

m 

rH 

CO 

Hi 

d 

00 

rH 




rH 













Hi 

Cl 





rH 

o 

o 

in 

o 

CO 

CO 

o 

in 

CO 

rH 

05 

CO 

00 

CO 



© 

in 

Hi 

00 

Hi 

CO 

o 

Hi 

rH 

CO 

tH 

in 

Hi 

CO 

CO 

Hi 



00 

'Hi 

CO 

CO 

in 

Cl 

d 

CO 

in 

d 

Hi* 

d 

rH 

Hi 

rH 




rH 













Hi 

d 




- 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• \ 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 






• 

• 

• 




• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

> 

• 

• 

W 



• 

• 















H 



• 








• 









• 





• 



• 







O 

* 































• 

• 





• 


• 




• 0 












• 













in 

• 




• 


• 

• 

• 











© 

33 

© 

3 

-u 

© 

© 

3. 











• 


















• 






M 

t-i 

















© 

© 










• 







> 

> 


















•rH 









• 

• 







tH 

rH 




>> 

*H 

*H 

cS 




• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

HH 

© 

3? 

u 

3 

© 

35 

t-i 

© 

35 

m 

r-H 

cj 

<4-H 

o 

E? 

<4-H 

o 

£ 




o3 

2 






Cfl 

a 

© 

4-> 

e, 

<D 

a 

3 

o 

o 

o 




3 

3 

lH 

© 

u, 

3 

r—H 
•H 

May . 

© 

a 


3 

bl 

o 

4-> 

© 

> 

© 

© 

H 


p 





<D 

Q* 



3 

<D 

© 

o 

© 







»-T> 



<1 

►“O 



CG 

o 


ft 




























































































































TABLE I.— ( Concluded ). 


9 



CO 

t- 

Hi 

00 

t- 

o 

CO 

t- 

t- 

o 

o 

CO 

rH 

rH 

• 

kO 

CO 

Hi 

CO 

d 

o 

Hi 

00 

c- 

00 

Hi 

rH 

kO 

00 

00 

CO 

kO 

kO 

CO 

d 

CO* 

d 

ci 

CO 

© 

Hi’ 

Hi’ 

CO 

CO 

t- 

CO 









rH 




CO 

CO 

rH 
















00 

rH 

o 

t- 

Cl 

kO 

d 

CO 

o 

d 

05 

rH 

CO 

00 

h*' 

co 

o 

CO 

Hi 

CO 

o 

CO 

o 

o 

rH 

CO 

t- 

CO 

CO 

00 

kO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

o’ 

t- 

CO 

t- 

ci 

CO 

Cl 

CO 


00 

rH 







T —1 






CO j 

d 


35 


50 

CO 

00 


Hi 

o 

co 

rH 

Hi 

05 

o 

rH 

o 

00 

t- 

C5 

05 

Cl 

Cl 

00 

CO 

kO 

o 

Hi 

Cl 

CO 

Cl 

kO 

Cl 

kO 

kO 

kO 

CO 

CO 

Hi* 

cp 

Hi 

CO 

Cl 

Cl 

kO 

Hi* 

L" 

Hi 




w 

H 

Ph 

w 

ft 

O 


co 

W 

W 

o 


t—I 


£ 





05 

CO 

o 

05 

Hi 

05 

t- 

kO 

05 

05 

05 

Hi 

05 

oo 

Cl 

kO 

kO 

CO 

Cl 

o 

-ti 

rH 

Cl 

CO 

o 

rH 

05 

00 

05 

Hi 

Hi 

00 

kO 

Hi 

rH 

Cl 

Cl 

rH 

kO 

t- 

rH 

kO 

kO 

CO 

kO 

05 


rH 













Hi 

rH 



t— 

rH 

Cl 

co 

CO 

Hi 

Hi 

o 

05 

Hi 

t- 

Hi 

rH 

rH 

t- 

Hi 

o 

CO 

00 

05 

CO 

o 

kO 

kO 

CO 

L— 

CO 

CO 

t- 

Hi 

Hi 

00 

kO 

CO 

Hi 

Cl 

Hi* 

Cl 

CO 

Hi 

rH 

CO 

Hi 

t- 

CO 

kO 


rH 













kO 

Cl 




O 

rH 

t- 

Hi 

CO 

Hi 

CO 

05 

kO 

05 

05 

kO 

kO 

kO 

t- 

CO 

00 

Cl 

CO 

05 

00 

CO 

Cl 

o 

Hi 

05 

t— 

Hi 

rH 

05 

CO 

00 

00 

rH 

Cl 

kO 

rH 

CO 

Cl 

kO 

Hi* 

Cl 

Cl 

CO 

1-1 

CO 

CO . 
Hi 

kO 

rH 




o 

00 

CO 

o 

Hi 

CO 

Cl 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

O 

kO 

CO 

Cl 

Hi 

Ok 

kO 

CO 

CO 

O 

CO 

05 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

Cl 

CO 

Hi 

OO 

00 

rH 

Hi 

kO 

Hi 


CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

Hi 

CO 

rH 

Cl 

kO 

kO 










rH 




kO 

d 



05 

00 

Hi 

t- 

Hi 

Cl 

kO 

rH 

kO 

kO 

o 

CO 

CO 

CO 

Hi 

rH 

rH 

Cl 

rH 

CO 

t- 

t— 

Hi 

t- 

L- 

CO 

kO 

kO 

CO 

rH 

Hi 

CO 

00 

rH 

Hi 

kO 

co 

rH 

CO 

kO 

Cl 

rH 

O 

CO* 

Hi 

CO 

CO 

Hi 

© 

d 



O 

Cl 


05 

t- 

CO 

kO 

o 

05 

k(0 

t- 

05 

Cl 

d 

O 

© 

o 

05 

kO 

05 

rH 

Cl 

CO 

CO 

CO 

Cl 

05 

Hi 

kO 

CO 

Hi 

00 

oo 

rH 

Hi 

Cl 

Hi’ 

CO 

rH 

rH 

kO 

CO 

Cl 

CO 

d 

Cl 

00 

CO 

kO 

rH 



W 

H 

O 

3 




S-i 

o3 

3 

a 

ai 

t-s 


s-< 

ci 

3 

}-> 

rO 

<v 

pH 


^3 

o 

s-< 

ce 



2 














































































































TABLE II — Supply from Croton River. 

Record of the Monthly and Yearly Flow of Croton River at Croton Bam, including delivery through Aqueduct. 


10 






CD 


CO 

© 

d 

© 


CO 

CO 

© 

kC 

1C 

00 




d 


CO 

Cl 


rH 

© 

© 

rH 

© 

© 

© 

rH 

rH 




b- 

CO 

CO 

rH 

© 

kO 

rH 

kO 

kC 

T-4 

rH 

kO 

© 

b- 




















• 

© 

00 

CD 

© 

-H 

kO 

rH 

© 


rH 

CO 

© 

rH 

CO 

kO 



d 

kO 

kO 

© 

© 

© 

© 

b- 

rH 

d 

© 

00 


CO 



GO 

kO 

Cl 

d 

© 

CO 

kC 

d 

rH 

b- 

rH 

© 

00 

CO 

© 

CO 



r-H 

GO 

CD 

kO 

© 

© 

kO 

rH 


© 

CO 

rH 

r—< 

© 

rH 





Cl 

CO 

rH 



oo" 




rH 

CO 

rH 
















rH 






05 



kO 

CO 

© 

© 

© 

00 

CO 

CO 

1 00 

00 





o 

-H 

© 

kO 

© 

rH 

d 

rH 

-H 

© 

kC 


CO 




ID 


CO 

b- 

rH 

b- 

rH 

kO 

© 

rH 

rH 

rH 

' © 

CO 





















CO 


Cl 


br 

CO 

GO 

rH 

© 

d 

CO 

GO 

© 

© 



00 



kO 

d 

CO 

d 

kD 

© 

CO 

kO 

© 

CO 

L— 

© 



b- 

O 

00 

© 

Cl 

© 

CO 

© 

rH 

rH 

d 

rH 

© 

CO 





















CO 

CO 

d 

© 

© 

GO 

rH 

rH 

d 

kO 

d 

d 

tH 

rH 




rH 

Cl 

d 





rH 


rH 

rH 

L- 

H 

rH 




© 

05 

b- 

00 

kO 

Cl 

b* 

GO 

b- 

rH 

rH 

rH 

ia 

rH 




b- 

05 

CO 

00 

CO 

© 

rH 

b* 

CO 

rH 

© 

rH 

rH 

© 




00 

L- 

© 

br 

Cl 

© 

CO 

© 

kO 

CO 

© 

© 

GO 

rH 




















• 

CP 

05 


kC 

rH 

© 

© 

© 

kO 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

© 




d 

05 

-H 

rH 

Cl 

© 

© 

© 

GO 

b- 

CO 

kO 

H 

d 



oo 

© 

o 

© 

b- 

d 

© 

© 

CO 

© 

© 

kO 

kO 

d 

© 




















rH 

05 

© 

b- 

kO 

CO 

CO 

Cl 

rH 

© 

rH 

rH 

d 

rH 













d 

rH 

CO 

rH 
















rH 






CD 

GO 

© 

© 

CO 

b- 

kD 

© 

CO 

© 

kO 

© 

© 





d 

© 

© 

L— 

GO 

CO 

rH 

GO 

rH 

L- 

© 

d 

CO 




kO 

Cl 

© 

00 

rH 

rH 

© 

rH 

d 

© 

Hi 

© 

00 

d 




















CD 


o 

Cl 

kO 

b- 

-H 

kO 

rH 

© 

d 

00 

b- 

© 

d 



CO 

CO 

rH 

© 

CO 

kO 

CO 

kO 

GO 

CO 

© 

© 

© 

rH 



OD 

CO 

rH 

© 

rH 

© 

rH 

d 

© 

rH 

d 

rH 

© 


CO 



rH 

© 


Cl 


rH 

rH 

CO 

d 

Cl 

d 

rH 

© 

CO 

d 




d 


CO 

rH 








rH 

rH • 
















rH 





ci 

rH 

© 

b- 

CO 

b- 

© 

© 

© 

Cl 

rH 

00 

kO 

© 



CD 

05 

© 

d 

t- 

© 

rH 

© 

CO 

Cl 

CO 

CO 

© 

© 

A 



CO 

O 

© 

GO 

CO 

CO 

© 

© 

© 

rH 

© 

d 

kD 

L— 

O 


uo 

05 


b- 

rH 

b- 

© 

d 

© 

CO. 

CO 

GO 

b- 

00 

kO 


Cl 

Cl 

© 

© 

CO 

CO 

rH 

kO 

© 

© 

CO 

© 

00 

rH 



bo 

CO 

O 

© 

b- 

© 

rH 

rH 

© 

d 

© 

© 

IH 

© 

b- 

H 

O 


i-h 

CO 

-H 

00 

Cl 

© 

CO 

CO 

rH 

. kO 

kO 

Cl 

© 

rH 

CO 



d 

rH 

CO 

rH 



CO 



rH 

rH 

© 

rH 

rH 

Q 

A 





















CO 

00 

00 

b“ 

CO 

Cl 

CO 

-H 

© 

CO 

GO 

b- 

d 

© 

m 




L— 

© 

kO 

b- 

kO 

1-H 

© 

© 

rH 

© 

d 

CO 

CO 

u 



rH 

rH 

d 

CO 

© 

© 

© 

rH 

00 

rH 

kO 

Cl 

© 

© 

o 



CO 

CO 

b- 

CO 

© 

kO 

kO 

rH 

© 

rH 

© 

rH 

© 


» 

H 



CO 

d 

© 


d 

Cl 

r-H 

Cl 

CO 

© 

rH 

-H 

CO 

y—t 


cc 

Cl 

rH 


d 

b* 

rH 

rH 

d 

rH 

b- 

CO 

IH 


CO 


rH 

CO 

CD 

b- 

rH 

00 

kD 

00 

kO 

CO 

rH 

rH 

kO 

© 

CO 




rH 

rH 

rH 

d 

rH 








ID 

rH 

M 


































w 



00 

kC 

rH 


b- 

kO 

© 

d 

© 

© 

© 

© 

GO 

© 




b* 

•HH 

© 

d 

l- 

d 

© 

Cl 

b- 

rH 

CO 

CO 


© 

M 



CD 

O 

GO 

© 

© 

d 

© 

00 

b* 

d 

b- 

rH 

© 

© 

O 


CO 

o 


kO 

00 

© 

L— 

© 

d 

© 

00 

rH 

© 


© 



© 

o 

CO 

© 


© 

00 

CO 

CO 

00 

-H 

d 

H< 

Cl 

£ 


00 

rH 

rH 

© 

b- 

00 

rH 

GO 

rH 

© 

rH 

© 

GO 

CO 

CO 

o 


T-H 

kO 

© 

© 

rH 

d 

CO 

d 

rH 

CO 

CO 

© 

© 

kO 

CO 

►a 



Cl 

rH 

d 

rH 

rH 






rH 

rH 

© 

rH 





. 











rH 





H* 

00 

rH 

CO 

00 

CO 

CO 

CO 

tr 

kO 

© 

© 

kO 

00 




kC 

-H 

© 

L- 

b- 

Cl 

rH 

Cl 

00 

© 

CO 

rH 

r-H 

d 




kO 

d 

d 

CO 

© 

© 

kO 

rH 

kC 

kO 

00 

00 

rH 

© 




d 

d 

CO 

rH 

rH 

d 

rH 

rH 

d 

© 

kO 

b- 

© 

rH 




Cl 

—H 

kO 

© 

CO 

© 

*-H 

kO 

rH 

rH 

b- 

© 

b- 




00 

Cl 

CO 

d 

Cl 

kO 

rH 

© 

© 

CO 

© 

© 

kO 

rH 

kO 





















Cl 

br 

© 

00 

b- 

b- 

CO 

© 

tH 

© 

kC 

00 

rH 

© 




rH 


rH 

rH 







rH 


rH 






• 











rH 





Cl 

GO 

kO 

GO 

b- 

© 

CO 

CO 

© 

rH 

© 


d 

Cl 




© 

-H 

CO 

CO 

rH 

kO 

CO 

-H 

b- 

rH 

© 

© 

kO 





O 

b- 

© 

CO 

rH 

© 

© 

rH 

CO 

CO 

Cl 

CO 

b- 

CO 




o 

00 

t- 


© 

00 

CO 

00 

rH 

b- 

kO 

CO 






C5 

-H 

rH 

rH 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

00 

o 



00 

~H 

05 

© 

00 

© 

rH 

Cl 

© 

© 

d 

© 

CO 

© 

kO 



rH 

CO 

d 

© 

rH 

d 

GO 

rH 

kO 

CO 

rH 

© 

d 

© 

© 





rH 

d 

rH 

rH 





rH 

rH 

rH 

Cl 

















rH 






CO 

CO 

© 

kO 

CO 

rH 

CO 

kO 

d 

rH 

CO 

kO 





rH 

Cl 

GO 

© 

© 

CO 

© 

© 

CO 

kO 

CO 

d 

d 





rH 

© 

t- 

CO 

d 

rH 

00 

CO 

© 

© 

CO 

kO 

Cl 

00 



o 

CO 

rH 

b- 

CO 

© 

rH 

© 

© 

d 

rH 

© 

© 

CO 

© 




H< 

rH 

d 

00 

CO 

b- 

rH 

GO 

00 

b- 

kO 


© 




00 

-*H 

rH 

GO 

© 

00 

00 

© 

© 

© 

rH 

© 

b- 

rH 

kO 



T-H 

CO 

kO 

© 

rH 

© 

rH 

CO 

d 

Cl 

d 

CO 

CO 


o 




Cl 

d 

d 

d 

rH 






d 



































© 

















tin 






• 











a 

















tH 

















© 


W 




• 


• 









> 

cS 


Eh 






• 









>» 


O 

S 


Sh 

<3 

S3 

a 

tA 

e3 

!-> 

ft 

ft 

© 

u 

a 

•rH 

&H 

May. 

© 

d 


-M 

Cfi 

0 

bl 

© 

rO 

a 

© 

4-> 

ft 

Sh 

© 

.ft 

o 

h 

0) 

ft! 

a 

® 

> 

® 

ft 

a 

® 

® 

Total. . 

ft 

ft 

o 

S 




c3 

© 

ft 

d 

d 

d 

<D 

© 

o 

® 







6 


Hj 

'Hj 

>~ 0 > 

< 

CO 

O 

52? 

ft 





























































































11 



H 

PQ 

< 

EH 




O 

o 

o 

O 

O 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 




o 

o 

o 

O 

O 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 



X 

o 

o 

o 

o 

O 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

d 

GO 

00 

Cl 

CO 

CO 

X 

HI 

© 

in 

8 

X 

Hi 

© 



CO 

© 

rH 

Cl 

05 

05 

L- 

rH 

© 

X 

© 

© 

Hi 



H 

m 

CO 

d 

t- 

CO 

rH 

X 

in 

HI 

rH 

© 

t- 

© 




















CO 

© 

t- 

in 

in 

X 

X 

© 

X 

in 

© 


H 

X 



d 

Cl 

d 

d 

rH 




rH 

rn 

rH 

X 

d 

Cl 

rH 



o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 



o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 


• 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

in 

















00 

o 

Cl 

X 

X 

o 

© 

© 

X 

© 

© 

Hi 

© 

CO* 


CO 

© 

in 

Cl 

rH 

L- 


Cl 

© 

© 

in 

t* 

Cl 

Cl 



-H 

o 

H 

m 

X 

m 

© 

in 

© 

Hi 

© 

in 

Hi 

X 

© 



















© 

© 

C5 

05 

L— 

© 

in 


in 

© 

in 

X 

b- 

X 



rH 

d 

rH 

rH 



rH 

rH 



rH 

© 

rH 


rH 

05 

co 

o 

CO 

m 


X 

t- 

b- 

m 

© 

m 


£ a ®1 

m 

L— 

co 

05 

CO 

© 

© 

© 

d 

m 

X 

b* 

X 


o 

CO 

o 

d 

CO 

X 

© 

© 

X 

© 

X 

Hi 

© 
















© o a 2 

o 

CO 

rH 

X 

05 


X 

Hi 

d 

X 

Hi 




tit c 
C c 

1 (D 

d 

X' 

X 

Cl 

m 

05 

in 

r-i 

Hi 

X 

Cl 

m 

© 


5 SLo 

© 

Cl 

HI 

t- 

Hi 

Hi 

X 

d 

© 

Cl 

© 

L— 

Hi 



















Hi 

<35 

X 

o 

o 

m 

X 

© 

in 

m 

X 


m 


^ Co v-t CO 

1—1 

rH 

d 

d 

rH 





rH 

X 

rH 


•s © *-• 

















"Hi 

rH 

Cl 

Cl 

rH 

Hi 

d 

b- 

X 

X 

b- 

t- 

X 

X 



CO 

X 

o 

Cl 

05 

in 

Cl 

in 

HI 

X 

rH 

© 

l- 

Hi 



© 

rH 

o 

X 

L— 

Cl 

Hi 

X 

Cl 

X 

X 

© 

m 

in 



















m 

o ’ 

X 

Cl 

CO 

Hi 

b- 

rH 

rH 

b- 

© 

m 

Hi 

Hi 



m 

Cl 

CO 

05 

rH 

© 

© 

Cl 

t- 

© 

Hi 

L- 

© 

Cl 


00 

o 

t— 

CO 

H 

CO 

m 

m 

Hi 

© 

© 

rH 

© 

Cl 

© 


1—1 

o 

CO 

Hi 

CO 

Cl 

HI 

X 

X 

d 

X 

in 

© 

d i 




ci 

Cl 

rH 

Cl 

rH 








X 

rH 















rH 




lO 

o 

X 

o 

Hi 

b* 

X 

© 

in 

© 

t— 

HI 

Cl 

t- 



tH 

Hi 

rH 

CO 

t- 

© 

d 

HI 

t— 

l- 

© 

m 

© 




t— 

o 

Hi 

X 

O 

© 

rH 

rH 

t- 

X 

rH 

Hi 

Hi 

© 


in 

rH 

m 

X * 

t- 

© 

rH 

X 

X 

t— 

© 

rH 

Cl 

X 

X 


CO 

X 

X 

X 

in 

t- 

m 

X 

t— 

Hi 

X 

m 

© 

m 


00 

rH 

Cl 

o 

X 

Cl 

Hi 

© 

X 

HI 

Cl 

X 

Cl 

© 

© 


rH 

hT 

Hi 

d 

in 

© 

X 

X 

X 

Cl 

X 

Cl 

d 

m 

05 



Cl 

rH 

rH 

rH 







rH 

rH 

rH 
















rH 


1 * 


Cl 

Hi 

X 

HI 

© 

Hi 

b- 

© 

© 

X 

in 

X 

t- 

© 

CO 


co 

CO 

rH 

Hi 

© 

X 

X 

in 

© 

© 

X 

in 

© 

© 



© 

CO 

Cl 

X 

d 

© 

X 

X 

d 

X 

b- 

b- 

© 

Hi 

o 

• 

H*" 

rH 

00 

CO 

co 

in 

in 

b- 

X 

X 

d 

X 

© 

co 

h1 

00 

CO 

in 

X 

Cl 

rH 

© 

X 

i— 

Cl 

Cl 

rH 

m 

© 

X 

© 

h 

m 

o 

H< 

CO 

rH 

© 

b- 

© 

X 

X 

L— 

rH 

rH 

m 

***1 

T—1 

d 

05 

C5 

t- 

rH 

HI 

Hi 

© 

Hi 

X 

m 

d 

rH 

d 

O 


rH 

Cl 

d 

rH 

rH 







d 

in 

rH 

rH 

0 
















A 

< 

CO 


© 

o 

m 

X 

Cl 

© 

rH 

© 

b- 

X 

© 

X 

X 

X 



X 

© 

o 

Cl 

Hi 

L— 

X 

Cl 

t- 

© 

© 

© 

X 


© 

rH 

X 

X 

m 

© 

X 

in 

in 

© 

X 

X 

m 

X 

















o 

CO 

CO 

CO 

© 

HI 

X 

rH 

© 

r— 

in 

X 

Cl 

© 

L— 

r—i 

© 

© 

d 

X 

in 

05 

rH 

© 

b- 

© 

CO 

Hi 

Cl 

X 

L- 

© 

W 

Cl 

X 

IH 

05 

rH 


© 

© 

© 

X 

© 

b- 

X 

© 















EH 


co 

Cl 

c— 

in 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Cl 

X 

Hi 

X 

Hi 

t- 




Cl 

rH 

rH 









© 


£ 
















M 
















A 

W 


Cl 

X 

O 

HI 

d 

t- 

X 

Cl 

© 

Cl 

X 

X 

- 

© 


o 

Cl 

X 

HI 

X 

Cl 

© 

rH 

rH 

X 

rH 

© 

H 

t- 



co 

Hi 

X 

in 

rH 

Hi 


t- 

HI 

Cl 

© 

X 

© 

Hi 

















O 

• 

© 

X 


t- 

© 

© 

X 

rH 

Cl 

d 

© 

HI 

X 

© 

1885 


X 

X 

i'- 

Cl 

© 

© 


© 

Hi 

X 

Hi 

X 

© 

£ 

o 

X 

X 

X 

© 

© 

© 

© 

rH 

X 

© 

in 

X 

m 

H< 

Hi' 

t— 

X 

d 

© 

H< 

X 

© 

X 

in 

t- 

© 

Cl 

L o 



Cl 

Cl 


rH 

rH 



rH 

rH 



m 

rH 

H 














rH 


P 


















CO 

© 

Hi 

m 

X 

t- 

t- 

Hi 

HI 


© 

X 

m 

r— 




X 

Cl 

m 

© 

X 

© 

X 

X 

b- 

© 

© 

-H 

X 



CO 

Cl 

X 

Hi 

X 

X 

© 

Hi 

© 

Hi 

Hi 

X 

© 

X 


















• 


co 

m 

X 

m 

t- 

b- 

© 

© 

b— 

© 

m 

© 

X 


00 

CO 

m 


Cl 

Cl 

X 

L— 

X 

© 

© 

© 

© 

Hi 

Cl 

© 


H* 

X 

t* 

o 

rH 

b- 

X 

© 

© 

© 

L— 

rH 

© 

© 


rH 

Hi 

m 

in 

rH 

00 

© 

X 

X 

Cl 

X 

Cl 

© 

oT 

© 




Cl 

X 

rH 








rH 

rH 

rH 





Hi 

Cl 

O 

X 

rH 

X 

m 

X 

m 

© 

© 

X 

X 




X 

CO 

o 

t- 

X 

X 

X 

X 

rH 

m 

Hi 

Cl 

rH 



CO 

o 

m 

X 

X 

© 

rH 

HI 

X 

b- 

X 

rH 

H 1 

rH 


• 




in 

Cl 

Hi" 

t- 

© 

b- 

b- 

© 

in 

t- 

X 


o 



05 

X 

© 

b- 

© 

Cl 

X 

© 

L- 

m 

T— 

© 


GO 

00 

rH 

in 

CO 

Cl 

t— 

© 

rH 

© 

05 

© 

X 

rH 

t-H 

m 


rH 

CO 

t- 

t- 

d 

in 

X 

X 

X 

Cl 

X 

X 

X 

rH 

t— 

• 


rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 









© 



a—* 













1 







• 










<D 






• 





• 





tit 
















— 






• 





• 











• 



• 







© 


• 
















E 







• 







a 


H 







• 







>. 


O 

>> 

>. 

u 





• 

• 

• 

• 


Sh 

© 

XJ 

u 

c 

© 

& 

u 

© 


3 

-*-» 

a 


3 

*H 

a3 

P 

a 

c3 

2 

Jh 

© 

fa 

March. 

April... 

May ... 

June... 

July... 

August 

a 

© 

+-> 

a 

© 

co 

Octobe 

s 

a> 

> 

O 

S 

© 

o 

© 

P 

o 

o 

s 


p 

ad 


This flow of river includes storage drawn. 








































































































12 


• II. RESULTS OF INSPECTIONS OF WATER-SHED. 

Two independent inspections of tlie Croton water-slied have 
been made, the first in 1884-5, under the direction of the 
health department of the city of New York, and the second 
in 1888, under the direction of the State Board of Health. 
The inspections were made upon different plans, as may be 
seen by a comparison of subhead A of this division of the 
report, which gives the results of the first inspection, with 
subheads B to F, which give the results of the second 
inspection. The first gives details of distance in feet and 
elevation with regard to water-courses, and of numbers of 
farm animals, including only such buildings as require special 
attention. It does not cover the entire water-slied, as may 
be seen by following the numbers of the items of Table 
III as they appear on the map, Plate I. But two regions 
of much importance were omitted, and these have probably 
assumed their present importance largely since that report was 
made. The second inspection covered, practically, every build¬ 
ing in the water-shed, and while not entering into the same 
details as the first report, gives others of as great import¬ 
ance, presenting the details of distance and elevation largely 
by means of the maps, Plates I to IY; the details of num¬ 
ber of buildings draining into each water-course, and requir¬ 
ing special attention, in Table IY; the details of villages and 
of many principal sources of pollution in the descriptions 
of villages and of photographs, which are accompanied by 
reproductions of many of the photographs, in Plates Y to 
LXIX. 

The sources of pollution from inorganic matter, due to 
mining and manufacturing operations, are few. They are com¬ 
prised in the iron mines mentioned in Division I, whose 
drainage, when pumped to the surface, runs into the nearest 
streams, and a few factories, such as the lens factories 


13 


at Katonali and Mt. Kisco, a few carriage, wagon and black¬ 
smith shops near or upon the banks of streams. The 
inorganic matter derived from leaching of the original soil, 
road detritus, and ultimate products of organic substances 
need not be specifically considered. 

The artificial pollution from organic matter has been found 
to come: (1.) from factories; (2.) from villages; (3.) from farm¬ 
houses and their adjuncts; (4.) from manured fields; (5.) from 

Oft 

roads; (6.) from vegetation in reservoirs. The following sections 
present details regarding these various sources: 

A. Inspection by New York City Health Department. 

The following, Table III, presents the results of the inspec¬ 
tion in December, 1884, and January, 1885, under the direction 
of the city health department, as condensed and tabulated 
from the report of Mr. Alfred Lucas, inspector, to Cyrus 
Edson, M. D., chief inspector of the New York city health 
department, under date of March 30, 1885, of an inspection 
of the Croton river and its tributaries. The numbers desig¬ 
nating the different items in the table have been transferred 
to the maps hereto appended (Plates I to IV), and thus show 
the location of each inspection. 

The following is a description of the table and an explana¬ 
tion of the abbreviations used: 

In the first column the number of each item is given. 
These numbers, found on the map, Plate I, give the location 
of each house inspected, with reference to the streams. One 
number sometimes covers an entire village. 

In the second column pli stands for private house; sd 
for small dwelling; fh for farm house ; 1 for large; d for 
dwelling; bs for blacksmith shop; m for mill or factory of any 
kind; c for church; g for cemetery ; st for store ; sh for school- 
house. It is intended in this column to indicate the character 
of the principal building from which the pollution comes. 


14 


In tlie third column b stands for barn, which term often 
includes all the barns connected with the house ; bs stands for 
barns; by for barn-yard ; pv for privy vault; s for stable; 
pp for pig-pen; bp for barley pit. With but four or five 
exceptions there is a privy of some sort connected with each 
house, so that the term pv has been omitted wherever the 
space in the column was filled by other items. It is intended 
in this column to indicate the character of the outbuildings 
connected with the main buildings mentioned in the second 
column. 

In the fourth column li stands for high ; vli for very high; 
s for slight. Some idea is thus given of the relative eleva¬ 
tions of buildings above the main streams into which they 
drain. 

In the fifth column is given an estimate of the distance 
of the buildings from the stream into which they drain. 

In the sixth column is given the number of cows. 

In the seventh column is given the number of horses. 

In the eighth column is given the number of pigs. 

In the ninth column is given the name of the owner of 
the premises at the time the inspection was made. 

In the tenth column is given the name of the town in 
which the premises are situated. 

In the eleventh column are given such miscellaneous items 
of information as do not come under the above classification. 
The abbreviations are the same as in the third column. 

The items are arranged in groups with reference to the 
main stream into which the buildings drain. The distances 
'given in the fifth column are sometimes the distances of 
buildings from this main stream, and sometimes from tribu¬ 
taries to that stream, as indicated in the fifth column. All 
buildings in each group of items under the name of a main 
stream drain directly or indirectly into that stream, all drain- 


15 


age finally reaching the Croton river. A summary of each 
group is given in the general summary at the end of the 
table. 

During the spring freshets the rivers overflow their banks 
from four to fifteen feet, and all privy vaults within that 
range are overflowed and washed out. Vaults within this 
distance are marked with a star (*). 

A number of the items were singled out for special atten¬ 
tion and description in a supplementary list of the report. 
These items have been marked in the table with a dagger (f) 
and their descriptions have been inserted in their proper 
places. 


TABLE III — Inspection of Croton Water-shed — City Health Department. 

Croton River, December 4, 1884. 


16 


© 

44 

u 

d 

a 

© 

Ph 


© d 
©•2 
2 a 
°±! 
43^ 

a © 

5 © 

• 2 03 

©dS 0 
•0 dcC 

a p 

a, ^ . 

s-ih © 

0.0 tx 

jd 

f—< ryH 

tn5 £ 

3 ©pQ 

o © 

U -M ? ■ 

r-« *r—I <X> 

o.2 

Z-fVE 

§•- o 
^ o+-» 
a ^ a 

o§- 

h 2 © 

2.2 m 

©03 d 


44 

O 

O 

s-i 


© 

k 


d 

02 Wp” 


© 

k 

•H 

u 


© 

k 

© 


© 

© 

2 

O 

43 

3 

o 

Sh 

^-i 

d5 

d 

o 

l-l 

<*-l 

o 

© 

d! 

•pH 

eft 

© 

’eft 

O 

a 

a 

o 

d 

o 

d 


a a 

02 W 


eft 

© 

cn 


© 

u 

a 

43 

d 

o 

43 

-t-> 

44 

o 

o 


1 

CO 

•i-H 

d? 

dJ 

Td 0 

d 

d 

d 3 


d 

d 

d» 

CO 

© 

© 

•M-© 

© 

© 

© 

O © 

CO 

© 

© 

tx 

© 2 
© 5 

•*—« 

a 

•pH 

a 

•pH 

a 

© 

© 

© 


S-l 

Sh 

u 

. © 

ft 

a 

a 

d eft 
© — 

d d 

.d 

,d 

4-1 Td 



d 

is 

o 

EH 


ddddd 

£ £ £ £ £ 
o o o o o 

+J+JP+J+J 

44 44444444 

Sh ^ Sh Sh 

o o o o o 
f 


d 

is 

o 

-t-> 

Si 

o 


© © 


52©©©®®©©©?!©© 

T,©©®00©©©®®© 

■2 a a a ££ a a a s a a 

- oooo®®oooooo 

pH pHOJOQejoizi^aQQiQajooajoc 


o 

02 


• o 

• ^ 

* o 

g-a 

©.2 

3Es 

o © 
02 hH 


© 

© 

r~| 

c3 

CO 

•pH 

Q 


Si *h i-! u u 

© © © © © 

k k k k k 

‘C '£ ’Eh *E 'si 

ddddd 

o o o o o 

4- > *-> -l-> +-> -M 

o o o o o 

Si Si t-i S-i S-l 

OOQOO 

rH '“i r- 1 pH <H 

3 d d c d 

o o c o o 

5— I S—t 1—I Li Li 

<D <D <£> Qj <X> 

<D<D<D<U<D 


pH 

© 

• • 

• • 

© d 





• 

• • 



• 

• 


d 

__, • 

r© d 





• • 



• 


is 

'c3 : 






• • 


d 



O 

^ • 

CO • 

Jh • 

td s-i 

© 

©44 





• • 

• • 

• • 


O 

CO 

*© 




c3 : 

t-H • 

til © 
S-l™! 





• • 


£ 












u 




^ : 

Om 










‘sina 

• • 

\ ; 










•S88.X0H 

CM • 

tH CM 

CM CO 



CM rH 



CO 


•SAiOQ 

O • 

rH O 

CO »o 

lO 

CM O O O CM IO C 

0 • 

t-H * 

i-H 

rn CM 

CM 

rH H r 

rH lO CM H CO h* • 


Sh 

© 

>• 

*Sh 

d 

o 

+-> 

o 

l-l 

o 

«l-l 

o 

44 

d 

d 

4© 


in © © © © d 
t- © o © © , 

COOT rt ce w 


SlSlSlSlSlSlSlSlSlSlS-Sl 

©©©©©©©©©©©© 

• •H »pH »rH ••■H «pH »pH »pH •>—■< • •—< • I-H »pH 

dddddddddddd 

oooooooooooo 

*J-P4J-P-PU+J-P+J-|J*JtJ 

oooooooooooo 

Si Si —. ^1 

OqOOOQOOOQQO 

agaaaaaaaaaa 

OOOOOOOOOOOO 

L( Li M 'h ^ i- ^ '-4 S-( 

«+-i «4_, e+-H «4—I «4—< <*— «4-H V— d— d—< C*-, d—I 

4Jp4JiJp-p4-)-P-P^-P-P 

<U<D<U<U<U<D<D<D<U<D<U<D 
©(D©©©©©©©©©© 
5 +—I 'HhI <*—<I V-1 «*H S*-t <*-i «4 h e*-H 

oooooooooooo 

©OOOkOO»OkOkOOOO 
r-t -H r-H r-t CO kO CO 


• 

Sh 'p 1 Sh 

.2 o.2 

^ o ^ 
d . d 
o d o 


o 

o 

a 

o 

u 

-4-> 

© 

© 

<H 

o 

© 

»o 


d 2 

dO 

^ ° 

*-> S-i 

• -M 

d © 
H © 
cc«£ 

o*n 


•noiii!A9ia 

4p"^4d ©^d__© © ©^ : © © 33 ©-^^4d -9 © © 

•s3aip[iuqino 

b by 
pv 
pv 
b by 
b by 
bs 
bys 
b by 
b by 
pv 
b by 
pv 
b by 

1 b by 

I b by 
b by 
b by 
b by 
b by 

b by 

b by 

•sesaon 

3 3 3'3-943'a£.d-d-d;2.dJd-d3d43.jd-d43 ^ ;» 

M< CO CO ^ Vh «th «4-t «r _ __ rVH -1 H-i H-i V- «*-. «H c*H 

Ol CM ^ * r* 

•aaqiuriN;, 

--- H\ 

rH CM CO kO O C'COC. OH(NCOH»OCDt>» O OrH 

HHrHHHHHrlH rH CM CM 


^ d 9 -rl 
d 03 ^ 
o +-5 2 
k o.ti 03 


tn o 

°'2 

3,2 


U 

a d 

2 ^ 

d • 

^ d 

44 $44 2 

0 ^ 0 ^ 


d 

I. 0 

02 d O 

d.d dd 

g-T3 

02 CZ2 


4=34= S 


00 

00 


0 = 

5^ 

s 

-0 


<43 

<43 

Cj 


• 

. . 

• 

I 

6 

000 

6 

6 

Sh 

s-i u u 

4-1 

S-I 

0 

OOO 

0 

0 

4 = 

4=4=4= 

4 = 

4= 

CO 

© © © 

CO 

CO 

£ 

is is is 

is 

is 

© 

© © © 

© 

© 

tH 



rl 


TJ 

d3 

O 

H 

w 

6 

© 

O 


T3 

S 03 

skh 

O . 
^<1 


eft 

• -H 

k 

d 
d 
EH 

~ .2 

© 



(M 

CO 


10 10 
CO CM 


© © © © 

> > > > 

U S-. d 


U 

© 

k 

»a 
f-l ?H 


d 

o 

+-> 

o 

l-l 

o 


d d d 

000 

-u *-> *j 

000 

Sh Sh S-i 

OOO 


.d 

o 

-M 

o 

l-l 

o 


a aaa a 

O OOO o 

L. S_i .*-• .S-> 


© © 


'•jf 


© © 

••-1 (© <D 

«4-. tkH 

G o o 
\#oo 
*^\ o o 


© 

© 

Ct-H 

o 

O 

\o 


a 

o 

S-i 

H—< 

CO 

« 


CO 

<M 


t-l 

© 

k 


d 

0 

-4-> 

o 

«-( 

o 

a 

o 

S-l 


© 

© 

© 

© 

CO 


CO 

©4d©a 

-d 

43 

k. 

k. k. 

k. 

rH 

4= 

>4=4= 

4= 

4= 

4= 

ft —. —- 

4= 

4= 

-d 

d3^d4d 

4d 

jd 


©«t1 «I-H 


— 1 

CO 

hlco 

Is- 

00 

kO 

kO kC kC 

kO 

»o 





































































































nd ba 


17 


•a © 

° d 

©'3 

P3 fl 

•3^ 

A d 
-ATS 

•rH S3 

co a 
O'O 
a 

fta! 

O c3 

d 9 d 
ocoo 

h • 2 

s3 ©O 
P d o 
' C-Jj 

d _g 3 

fH^.d 

S^d 

««-< >> 

^73 d 
d C5 b 
1 - 0 ^ 
e3 fnd 

pq 


co 

d 

•pH 

83 

fn 

P3 

P3 

d 

83 

d 

tu 

u 

d 


© © CO 

tji > d 
c3d3 © 
d iP3 

-H Pr-H 

e3if o 
.. fn i^O 
8 3T3 © 

”®g-£o 
fl big O 
o dc^-^-d 
•rjda fn ® o 


d.d 

QV 

^pa 

© a 
O 


co 1 o 
fl g .-£ 
•2 *3 © d 


! CO 

d 

a 


®d 


© 


d 'jH 
o 2d " g © 

oo^go 

&a.2£ - 
.. 82 «°°i 


e3 c3 
*3d 
^P5 

pa a 
d 03 9 
e3 d o 

. pH ?H 

-g cd C4 —< 
todpjd d 
d .„ Cj O in 

; sd 

M o 


bt 

d . 

•fH <T) 

d S 
d d 
d d 
fn c3 


© 

© 


A 

©O , - 

d •» f- a 

3 o ®doV 
u diif^ o ^© 

•nd CO-H .H d 


O ©_ © 

© r g (D'd © 

d°d 5 3 

d 0-2 w © 

fH +-> © © co 

n dd^ 


•PH GO -M • • a d U-H $-< g OH 

.Sts S ciiS 7 ^ fto o 

Jh ?3 *h CO O - Jh <h • * 

• o br « 0 a o 

>—< 3 $ d o ■*—> ^’d • 

a d2 2jd d 2 f" 83 c3 c3 © 2 

a-© oxj ©.s^m ^ 
co O . 00 o 


d 

o 

o 

fH 

d 

a 

o 

fH 


© 

© 

««H 

d 

© 

H-> 

P 

P 

•H 

fH 

Ph 


fH 

© 

P 


fH 

© 

P 


fH fH 

a a 

o 

fH 


o 

fH 

«tH 

© 


a a 


fH 

© 

H-> 

fH 

83 
d 
O* • 

I 

© 

d 

O 


H 

fH 

c3 

P 

1 

d 

fH 

83 

d 


S a 

o 


fH 

fn 'g 
© d 

H-J -rH 

fH c3 
c3 fn 

d ps 

© 33 

© c3 

a a 

O m 


a 




« © d 

o © 9 

fH«tH 03 


d p®^ 

g£ bi° 

±!«g.d 

o-d © 


,h D v qn rr, 

d^ ft ©3 a © 

ct_! HH d-d I © 

o d %® 

„ © c3 t>,pH if e3 © 

© tjd+J(H dtHH'jQ 

d3 5 © fH 

•55 © © ..^ d . 

“ .^d >©-S © © 

O f> ,0 rn ^ 

H O . _ © • ' 


© o 2 L'd’S S2 h ^ o ©73 

2 £.a S §£ a fn.H ©-a^ 

a g>9 ptc-sK;* rt o a 

O —173 *H d HH >, y C3 

^ 03^2g> © 

o d a® i 3 fn a tjj 

S >.s 0.2 d ooh_ flOfl 

fl»H Ql5h H, 0 fH-d 
2 .© •'«tH 3 

§© G . 2 -r©£- a ££g®d 

t 2aaa“.a +J ®'2®.lg® 

d 2 a H.T3nnid d a73-Pt5 © 


© © 

© •' > 

•d ®.d 

i.a © o-^ a fn H ®-d - 
I 73 :*£ o ®'a © 


«4-4 • •"rrH • 

m£ d-P 
d >.© ^ 
ed if © o 

o a+H+-> 
© c3 d 

a+H 73 

0 ©^ © 
f © a tjc 
p»> 7 ^ d m 

od d a 
-2 *h ©-d 
© © © © 
d --d.® 

O ©73 
©73 


d 

J. H 

Jsas £,2 
Sfgs-sg 

caJdtHH © o 

« Ph 


d 5 1 

-j r. ®.d 3 - 

1 © S 3 r d .t3 t4_l 
© d-d fld © fl 

<d fH^H 5 H fH.d 

o 


• 









a 

a 

a 

a 

aa'aa 

a 

a • : 

6 

0 0 

6 

O * * * * O 

6 

o’ 

6 


d 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© © ® a 

_© 

fl 

0 

0 0 

0 

O . . . . « 

O . . . . O 

n 

0 

O 


O 

83 

d 

c3 

d 

d cj d d 

d 

d 

X5 

X5X5 

-O 

O • • • • O 

£2 

X5 

x> 

c n 

X5 

C/2 

02 

CQ 

02 

02320202 

02 

02 : 

CO 

•^H 

c/} co 

Cfl 

.© : : : : © 

m 

CO 

cn 

CD 

CG 

-d 

-d 

©a 

-d 

.d^axiJd 

xa 

,d : 




^ : : . : £ 

& 


* 

a 

b 

P-> 

Jh 

PH 

Jh 

PH 

Jh 

PH 

pH 

PH 4 — PH pH 

Jh Jh Jh Jh 

■PH 

Jh 

PH . 

© 

© © 

© 

<D • • • • <D 

© 

© 

© 

0 

35 

0 

0 

0 

O 

0200 

0 

O 

PJ 

JP1 

Hi 

Pi : : : : pi 

pi 

PI 

pi 

cc 

PI 

55 

{25 

^5 

& 



fc : 


fH 

fH 

© 


d 

Is 

d-r- 1 
tt d 

ff a 
© 


fn 

o 


-1 

H-te H 


•73 

©-a 

pH 

cs 

O 

P 


p 

T3 

d3 

CO 

pj 

c3 

fH 

© 

0 

0 

> 

d 

0 

d 

0 

d 0 
OH 

© 

tp © 
^ da 

fl 

M 

© 

ia: 

-T3 

c3 

fl 

n 

PH 

pH 

•rH 

Jh 

Jh 

<£> 

t3 

« 

fl 

PQ 

O 

H 

d 

• rH 

'O 

'o 

d 

P 

© 

g 

© 

be 

Hi 

fl 

c3 

pq 

K" 

Jh 

O 

pd 

co 

4-> 

fH 

O 

w 

4-> 

fl 

O 

w 

. fH 

© O 
d © 

fH 

O 

© 

p 


PQ 

PH 

Jh 

d 

© 

pq 

fl 

O 

© 

a 

C/2 

Jh 

b 

© 

© 



w 


H 

IpH 

pj 

O 

g 

m 




CO 

a 

d -a 

d Htj 
© ^ 


fH 




a dS ®p5 

CK UJH^Ph 


© 

o 

fH 

F>h 

Ph 


• 

• CO 


! 00 


10 

15 

CO 

Cl 

CO 

0 




HH 

CO 

• CO 


CO 



<M 

• Cl 


• Cl 


Cl 

10 

CO 

• 


CO 



CO 

O 

'H 

Cl 

• Cl 


CO 



1C 

• 0 



• 0 

10 

0 

0 

rH 

0 

kO 



0 

O 

0 

• kO 


0 



CO 




. <0 

CO 


Cl 


Cl 

rH 



Cl 

CO 

C4 

• rH 


Cl 




o 

O 

M 


d 

d 

o 

O' 

a 

< 


fH 

© 

© 


d 

o 

HH> 

o 

fH 

O 

(H 

d 

c 


© 

© 


o 

O 



© o 
© o 


fH 

© 

E> 


d 

o 


o 

a 

o 

fH 

«*H 

© 


© 

d 

O 



d- 

o 

H-H 

o 

fn 

o 

a 

o 

fH 


d 

d 

fH 
hH © 

a ° 

o «-i 


CD 

<X> 

«4-i 

o 

o 

o 


^ o 

So 

22 
^ d 

•P*H 

® br 

«4—j fl, 

0-3 
o w 


1 • L-, ^ ^ ^ 

a • <d <d o 

; > >• p- > 

» . . »rH «pH »H 

^ , H H H 

: d d d d 
d 3 d o o o o 

O O H-P+J-P+J 
0 £ipOOOO 
-©• 5^3 fl fn fn fn fn 

fl 2 ^ fnOOOO 

3o 3 q go 3 a a a 

fH2j3-2 fpOOOO 

♦ < _ *H ^_h C4__| ^—< J_4 J_( Ifl 2-4 

H ^ C(—« «*-<*-» q-4 

.®n«*i-n.®c3a><Da>a> 


1 

d 
d 

M 
o 
o 

u 


d*~ a. 

4 o *: 


O d § do doooo 

10 rH 1C WlO WO 


pH 

o 

?> 


d 

o 

4-> 

O 

o 


o 

pH 


<D 

O 


O 

o 


Jh 

<D 

k 


d 

o 

-*-> 

o 

Ih 

O 


o 

Sh 


o> 

O) 

«*-« 

o 

o 

d 


dd 

jfl-d 

d3 d 

1 : : co 

® dl 

rd 

da 

rd 

dl 

r-j 

d 

CO 

d 

dl 

rd-dd-d 

da 

© 

p 

d 2 

rQ 

&> 

a©, 

H 

b by 

pv 

tspp 

pv ! 

O fl, -* 1 
$2% 

P 

H 

d> 

p 

r© 

rd 

b pv 

P 

rd 

d 

bby 

p 

0 . 

d 

> 

a 

p 

d 

d 

P 

d 

d 

b by 
bby 
b pv 
pv 

b by 

pv S 

rd 

73 P3 

-4 

rd 

Oh 

1 U 

T s 

pd 

«PH 

•d 

«HH 

P3 

rd 

4h 

rd 

«+H 

"d 

CO 

"d 

CO 

rd 

«4H 

rd 

OH 

d^d^. 
e^'d P^'d 

rd 

OH 

: a 

• •{— 


O I-H 

o o 


Cl 

o 


<£> 


10 o 
o o 


t— cc 
o 


00 H 

42 ^ 


CO 

t- 


iiwct- 
t- b- t- t* 


00 


o 


3 




















































































TABLE III — Croton River — ( Continued). 


18 


c n 
ft 

f-A 

d 

a 

CD 

Ph 


a 

i 

4-3 

CC 

• rH 

u 
br 

d 

d ^ 

I 1 

~ji m 


© 

> 

•rH 

O 

4-> 

d 

•rH 

tn 

d 

>. 

i 

d 

t-i 

d 

ft 

CO 

d 

•rH 

d 

Ih 

'd 

ft 

o 

o 

u 

ft 


d 

£ 

o 

H 


© 

d 

Ef 

O 


CC CO 

Sh u 
© © 

aa 

o o 

02 02 


©j£ K, . 

1 —ZZ r> >> 
r x^ r p'dft 
d g ^ d d 

d ^ *H ?h 


•saj d 





•S 0 S.IOH 





•SA 100 






03 

C 3 

d 

d 


^ Sh ^ ^H 

© © © g © 

£> t» ►> © >• 

.*L *r*.!_* •’-* 

c ^ c-g ^ 
§§gag 
. 2 .S»So 

•u^-pOh 

d d«-> d — 
g d o c o 
P P O Sh 

t- t- «4-H 

+-> ■*-< eg +-' © 

© © 5 © £ 


<v © ■ 


©i 


d o 

O in 


•UOpUA0|3 

cc co : ®x) 

•saaip(inq^no 

PV. 

pv. 

pv 
b by 

•S0SUOJJ 

r d'C r — X 
* * R d=H 

■.ioqum^[ 

05 05 05 O rH 
t- L— t- 00 00 
+*• 


H 

00 

00 


Sh. 

<© 

-O 

on 

p 

o 

d 


ft 

O 

o 

u 

X 2 

a 

o 

Sh 
«t —i 
-M 
© 
© 
vh 

d 

© 


C-H 

ft. 


>H 

d 

d 

CC 

0) 

T i 

rd 

4-3 

•— 

>. 

d 

B 

w 

CZ2 

w. 

02 

ft 


rH 

• 

CM 

• 


rH 

<N 


VO 


d • d • d 
d : d : d 
U • fi • sh 

o c o d'g d 

oogo§o 

a°p° 2 0 

cSZSoS 

./- 1 o sh © sh d 

*—.d «m .z, "t-H .g 

■g W-t-> bl+J tx 

©sgcgd 

«,, — 03.— 03.— 

ej Vh a 

o vn o 

IO IO 


?H 

03 

> 

•rH 

Sh 

o 

-M 

d 

•r4 

© 

© 

co 

• rH 

a 

© 

d. 

© 

d 


d 3 

ft 

o 

o 

Sh 

ft 

»—H 

i ( 

d 

a 

02 


ft 

O 

o 

Sh 

ft 

Sh 

© 

i O 
> 


ft 
O 

2 *^ 

■°Sw 


© ©.ft 
© >2 
deflft! 

«— i 

^ iU® 

d n* 
co © jg 

©CL, 

• * h^' 1 

c -ft 

CO co O 

©•*-> 

a ^ 

. 2 'C=q 

ft . 


©_5 u 


ft 
O 

Sh . 3 • ' ■ — • - 1 -i 

-°ft OAA , Z d g P 

rtOt-oia®^ 

a o>'u 

O uu © o,‘d 
UZZ ©^2 O S 
cn " o 2 

•*^S O • 

d«tJ § 

"•M ^^•g r e3 © 

£ © d ® u d 1 *- ® 

cd^ 3 © d a fl S.a 
dX^Ss'SS^ 

kSoSppo a 


<2 2© 2 5' 


• 

, 




a 

a 

a 

aa-aaaaaa 

a 

© 

© 

© 

0303030303030303 

© 

c 3 

d 


dddddddd 

'd 

02 

CZ 2 

GO 

0202020200020202 

02 

xa 

ft 

ft 

ftftftftftftftft 

ft 

tn 

Sh 

"Sh 

ShShShShShShShSh 

Sh 

o 

o 

O 

ooococoo 

o 

!z. 

5 *; 



^2 


00 

00 




5 -. 

s 

-o 

§ 

<© 

d 


® ^ © 
'd © O 
•r. F-i d 


. 

© g S-i 

d ® © 
d ■ 


E 2 d^cq 3 d 

u « 


o 

CO 


kC ^ d CO 


O VO ^ O 
Ol <M 


f . h !-i S.. L L Li 

03 ( 1)030303030303 

•rH (pN »rH *r— «rH *H »rH »rH 

flndddddd 

OdOOCOOO 

O+j+j+j+j+j-m 

02000000 

opoooooo 

ad a a a s g a 

ogpppeop 

tfH 

© +3 © © ©,2^ © 


>. 

T 3 

F-i 

d 

ft. 


fc. 

® F-i 
►> © 

’Sh -p 
d 

o 

H-> 

o 

Jh 

o 

a 

o 

tH 


© 


©©©©© — 

ti_, © !«— 5HH -H— d d 

o“~ooo a H o 

©OOOONtfNTfO 

-- —\ « o, 




© 

© 


o 

© 


d 

O 

+-> 

o 

t-l 

o 

tt-l 

o 

AA 

i—i 

d 


cc 

CC 

CC 

ft ©ftft CD"5 CCH? 

cc ! 

>> 

>. 

>. 

>, >»>-.>> I 

• CC 

# > 

■o 

ft 

ft 


ft 

ft 

ft 

ft ftftftft & J 

• d 

•d 

ft 


ft'dftftftft r d tx 

1 ^ 

cc 

ft-. 

ftH 

— ®«-=HHtHH— © 0 

C5 

o 

rH 

H'NCOHVOOt-OO 

05 C5 

C5 

o 

rH 

o 

rH 

rHrHHHHHfHH 

t- t4 

rH rH 

















































































19 


s-r 


-£ © © 
® !> © 
®cdC/3 

I 

O *M . 

© *-> Si 
O h 

© 


dd 
d <D 
© © 

XI P 
© ^ 
til >> 
0*0 
d 

• O’ 0 

hS o 

' oj i-i i—(d i_, 

2 S ffi .2 a 
d > o.2 
O-P X d © •- 
*43 g d ® >. 
si ® , +jPh tii si 

r 74"® »H fe 
d j-i ®x » £ 

£®'~ d-p o 

&'S 5 o.2 C .• 

m 5 i x o a 
x o >,W +? o 

©d 

d O a«M © ©d 

> S- © o g 

Z3 5 © ©^ 3 

*s 2 o t» 2 © 

+3 © =3 73 si 
£ 


1 d 1 

d.2 o 


3-P 


^a 


d 

Si 

d 

® 

o 

d 

«i—i 

H 

3 

© 


- d 

-M 


^ «8 
• © > 
©43 1 
>£d 

*nn d^ 
2 ©-H> 
d dl 


d 

ft 

o 

ft' 

X) 

d 

d 

o 

n 

d 

W 


®-« x 
d O 

•O'gd 

®o !ts|g--5 

C d ® _ o x .. 
ft S'P dS •- >>5 ® 

■g a g co a h ^ 6i 

g»2ioS?g-a 

x 2 S d d-« 

•h r t *-i ^ d — 5-1 ©dx 

-* d g-d p ©-- 1 
,H 2 ® 2 o tfi tit 

o ®.a ©'©--^.h« 

s^-gr*^ 
ga*S~§*3 
® ■ 


Si 

® 

K* 


Si T3 

^ . h> d 
O'Eh- 1 a 

d 


- u o 

tM ' l^dX 
cscpj aSoacwcs^o 

Q 5q 


® 

© 

«M 

® 

>■ 

td 

■ 

>> 

■*-> 

d 

® 

£ 


>. 

> 

•H 

H 

ft 


® £ 


-H> 

© 


Si 

© 

> 

•r-H 

Jh 

a 

o 

H 


xl 

tJD 

d 

o 

t* 

XI 

4-> 

© 

d 

d 

Xi 

o 

o 

u 

XJ 

; 

^d 5 
d.r 

d s 

T3 

d 

o 

ft. 


xl 

© 

4-> 

® 

Xl 

© 

® 

© 

GC 


Xl 

o . 

OhH 

S-iM. 

© 

o 
© 


© f*4J <3) 
© © © © 

S°® 

t/2 d^ , o 

§®’§f 

d ®x 5* 

4-J e +-l O 

d 


tH 

© 

a 

a 

d 

Cft 

Cft 

-M 

Cft 

O 

P 

U 


d & o 


c a 


o 

o 


c3 

a 

GO 


pp-i 0 1 ^ >.© . 
,r! » O *d lj ift t—i 
t* ®«h 

c © ® Sm ., © 

°S-2g s-9 a si 

sjg^las^ 

. 2 ^ §« d ..^x 

d®^ 1 - 1 deer.© 

pS-S^'SHf » 

ft ®| o g-o ai:© 
COPh o 


© 

© 

d 

o 

xl 

© 

d 

x 


a 

o 

d 


© 

© 


d 

© 

-<-> 

> 

•rH 

u 

ft 


© 

©j 

d 

o 


a ®-p © 

©•g-dX! 
d| a d 


x 

© 

> 

‘S 

x 

-4-* 

•«-H 

r—H 
© 
t> 
© 
r—( 

d 

o 


o © © 

fe © © 

JS-g d 

p»^_, 

•d u 
• * o,d 
.•>.”© 

©-J 

gS 5 ® 

j|l 

^•43 p P 

% d 
03 - 
;>> 


d d'^ 

•f-H Q O 1 


P,*- 1 

^>wg © 
rt ft o © > 

S P^c®-C 
d & d . o 
d^+^ 

,x a d 
_ •>—» 


c. 


Pn 


d 
X 

© o_; 

d ® fl ©"’ 

d= oEs®, 

^•r* m 4atl 
'd © O 53 

W .2x .1 i C3 

x c © 4J -- 
o-d-r 1 d d 
o g fc ©i 




. O 

O 

© 

d 

© 

P3 

d 

d 

© 

•rH 

<D 

a 

<! 


00 

00 


U3» 

?>. 

<© 

(O 

p 

<© 

o 

<© 










© © 

> 


“E 

"h 

cft 

eft 


eft 

0 

0 

Ph 

Sx 

O 

O 

«*—1 

«xx 

0 

0 

eft 

© 

X 

X 

c 

d 

d 

c3 

X 

X 

d 

d 

O 

O 


o 

Si 

-d ® 
ShX 

o * 

«<-i'd 
-d ^ 
© © 
WhP 


•d 

Si 

o 

<M 

'O 

© 

p) 


•d 

Si 

O 

«*H 

d3 

© 

« 


x *d dd d d 

Si Si *1 Si 

o o 


o o 


o o 


d d dd d 
© © © © © © © 
M pq pq« pq pq ^ 


; 

; 

; 

; 

: : : 

d 

d 

d 

d 

d 0 0 



Si 

JP. 

Si H Si 

C 

0 

0 

0 

OOO 

X 

X 

X 

X 

XXX 

eft 

eft 

eft 

eft 

eft Cft Cft 

* 




^ ^ b 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© © © 

PI 

pi 

xl 

p 

P 1 PP 1 


© 

•^H 

> 
c3 
1 -. 

H 

d 
d 

g W 

^ d 
®P5 

pf| 

•x 


© 

© 

© 

d 

Eh 

d 

d 

t> 


>» 

Si 

© 

> 

< 


“6 


■S 5 

©5 -g S © 

©Mi d eg © 
H . tri x d 
M d 
Oh PP m 


© © 
© © 

d d 
© © 
H H 

d d 

PI PI 

dS 


CO 

c? 


c* 

f*- 


10 COb-00050rH<M 

C* C^CSC^dCOCOO? 


CO 

CO 


CO 


10 

CO 

* 


CO t— 00 
CO CO CO 



(ft 

en 

jp • 4 xP © p :©©© © © 

. . P** P - r> • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 



pv 

py 

b by 
b by 

b by 

b by 

2 pvs 

b by 

PV 

b by 
b by 
b by 

b 

20 h 

tm 



JP ^3 nd r P‘f^ ^ eft 

r/} «*h <^x 

(M 

r\ <3 Xl-dJd X 3 

^ ^ «PH «PX ^X QQ 


era 

CO 


s 


Lewisboro.. 





















































































TABLE III— Beaver Dam Brook —( Continued ). 
January 13, 1885. 


20 


co 
JA 
u 
rt 

a 

© 

Ph 


o'© 

0 Si 
•2 O 
03 «m 
ft<d 
Tp © 

?£ 
rt n 

^ rP 

o .ft 

7? © © 
Oio ^ 
0 <-i © 
ft • 4; 
ft d,CO 

— d< >—i 

« * JM 

ago® 

®.2otS 

a— 

g^ft 

2 cc O - 

d O 

Lv ?H •!—t •»—I 

® O -r.-ft’ 
®<d ® d 

tll+J 

o © dGC 

Sw 


ft 

O 

o 

Si 

a 

o 

Si 

<41 

+J 

© 

© 

<41 

d 

© 

41 

0 

Si 

d 

M 


ft 

O 

O 

Si 

ft 

o 


tp 

si 

d 

f» 

I 

d 

Si 


o 

Si 


d 

Si 

Tp 

d 

a 

OQ 


ftft 

° 9 

o o 

^ a 

ftft 
"d d 

as 

OQ 03 

aa 

o p 

Si Si 
<41<*1 
+-> 4-1 
© © 
© © 
<41 <41 

© © 

© © 


o 

© 

tp 

•H 

CO 

<D 

4-> 

•t-i 

CO 

o 

Pi 

Q. • 

d o 

°ft 

■gs 

d s 

f>> Si 

I <4-1 

P -M 

&-i <X) 
,rt CD 

Jq«*h 

■§§ 
d - 
Tp 
d d 
Si O 
d *i 

« 


ft 

o 

o 

Si 

ft 


d 

O'? 

o ^ 

Si 

-ft 


a 

i 

d 

Si 

d 


■S3 

© o 


© d 

7T »»-h 
Cj c* 

4-> 

«tp 

. *—H 

> d 

v d 

-a ^ 

PhC /2 


d 

£' 

o 

Eh 


T3 Td ^ ^ T3 ^ 

J-l ^ Z-H J-H J- J- J-h 

ooooooo o 

<4-1 «4-H «4-» <4-4 «♦—I <4-4 <4-4 <♦-« 

<D <D 0 > 0 <D <D <D 

pqpqpqpqpqpqpq pq 


•ft -O Tp '"d p d Hft -O r O Tp 7 tp 73 

S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 Si 

ooooooooooo o 


tptptptPtptptptp 

OOOOOOOO 


V 73 no73 73 73 73 73 Tp TP 73 a! 
©©©©©©©©©©© © 
fflffl pqpq pqpqpqpqpqpqpq pq pqpq pqpq pqpq pqpq 


73737375 73737375 

©©©©©©©© 


Si 

© 

d 

£ 

o 



a • • 

rt 

o d 

<» 

H Q . 


© 

£ 

o 


3 p, ® ^ SiJS'o 

;S-§ d-S | © 

fldh^b^s 


_&r: 


© 

Si 

Si 

d 


—, © 


03 

'd 


• © 

: d 

. Si 


d d^7 

.n--H--i 

© © d 

41+1SP 

03 


-H41 
41 41 


© : >.2 © 

© . © © 

^-g^-g-S 

t5°i» 

P • b>- * u—^ 


d duii-iftft 

© ©S'Vftft^ © 

p e ©'rfflPQ g.bjg 
h-ii- 3 d.a • si >> 
^^dpqHH^pq^, 

SSWOWP^WOc/21 


© 

'© 

(ft 


dc£] 


d 

o 

>> 

ft 


d 

o 

41 

M 

>. : 0 
a flp:) 
=^2S^o; 

■d d-gpq § ^ ° 

<D ^ © <D 


P 

O 

-jft» 

4ft 


Or ^ t; 


•S3IJ 


CS CO (M 


• CO ^ ^ CS • rft CO CS ^ 


•sosjoh 


CO CS CO CS H CS 


CS 


• lO 

• CO 


CS CS 


t- CO H CO CS H CS CS H kO 


•SAAOQ 


C CO lO 1C H O 


lO O O Ci 1C • CO CO ?D* 


<z> 

o 

p 

c3 

Hft 

CO 


ftftfifiQ .ft 
qdndd®Q 
. . u © © a *p 
> ^d3ft«ft 5 
g © o o o® © 

pft a 0 g.d^ 

ft a c sq s^ 
ft - 0 a a ^ ft 

Sgiiiid 
8 8 c d d 2 9 

cT]< 4 -, ^h C r ,r. 


4ft 4 -h . . . +_} -J_) 

000^^00 
o vo o o o o 

H CS H l- CO H CO 




►> 

o> 

ftft 
_, o 
ft o 

© s: 

lift 

ft d 

a 2 

<4H C*H 

4£ © 
© © 
lO 

CO i.O 


UXi 

o o 
o o 

J-( !-h 

-ft-ft 

aa 

o o 

Si Si 


© © 
© © 


© UO 
SO 04 


QPQPPP^ftftftft 

> > t; >• > tp s a a a a 

■j .j ® ® 35 4 ® ^QQCficCl 

ggg““««na >>•>>>■ 

o O c -d ft ,d ^3 -d si d d d d 

a a a a a ° ©„° ©©©©©© 
ft - 0 - 0 a a gft dftpftft^ft 

PdPiSa^ftftft n d 

Oftft^ft^ft a d d 5 o 


. . -X3 

O O OTP 

o o . 

^ J-H > 

rt 

TP TpTpjg 
d d dPH 
O O Ojd 

ft ft ft© 
« ftft-r 


o 

Si 

ft 


o o 

ft s_ ft , , 

<41.41=41 d d 
44> 41 +1 ~ - 

© © ©^<41 
© © © 41 • 


a a a 


P O O 2 Si 


,4ft4ft J-ft ft+-^ 

M—. '4*—I <S4-H t*—l 4—* -*ft C+—I «4— e+_< ?4- ^ C » —1 O O 

o o o o e4—l ^ ooooooS§ 
WlOkOOOiOOiOOlOCO. *4 ► 

HriHHHl'*HCU'-HCOtr*HH 


p 

o 

*4 

<4-1 

4ft 

<D 

o 


S dft 

22a 


41 41 . 

© ©i£ 
© © _ 


© © © 
© m m 


-24 • 

004 oftft 
o o C o o 
Si O si O C 

0 s <r }Lt t_( 

“ft~ftft 

dTp ^TpTP 

o d o d d 

ft C Si O o 

a*i s-ra Si ft 

”ft”ftft 

gagaa 

ft C Si O o 

<*- S— <41 Si Si 

41 <41 4 _ *41 < 4 - 

© 41 © 41 41 

© © © © © 
=41 © <41 © ® 
1 _ <^ 0 «41 <41 

• ffiio KS lO IS5 

‘ n C- H t- t- 


•nop , BA0|g 


^■gftftft ©ft ft 


ft © © © ©ft ^ftftftpCftft'g'^'^ © cn ©"g^p ©ft © © 


saaipjmq^no 


-4= P*< -4» t-4 ^ 

ftftftftftftft 

ftftftftftftft 


•sesnoH 


ftftftft^ftft 


© 


^ ft -> >• 4*ft > 

p t d- d* d< ^ 


© 

d-ft d- 


> > 


co 


^ 

^XZrOrGrG pO 
^ftftftft ft 


>»>»>, f>, >, >, >, 

ftftft ^ ft ft ft ft 
ftftft ftftftft 


•jequin^; 


CO lO ZD 00 05 
lO lO kO \o lO lO *o 
L— t- I— L- L- L'- 


O 

o 

t- 


■^Tp-ft^ aQft-^^-ci-^r^^jd^^ £ ftftft-dftftft-73 
CO CO pO ^ CO CO e 4-H<*H r- : c +-l«*-^<+-H<4-l<4-( W <4-.C4-|C^'-' 


HCJCO^^Ct'XOOH Cl CO^lCCt-COOO 
O tO CO tO tO tO tO tO tO t> t— t' - l"* t— t— L'* L- 00 

C’ t— t— L'- tft- Ift- t— t— t— 

H a” 4“ 





















































































































21 


44 

O 

O 

In 

X 

73 

a 

© 

a 

a 

u 

<*-< 

H-< 

© 

© 

4-1 

■+H 

t-l 

•H 

X 

H 


O 

-t-> 

d 


13 

j- 

d 

d 

tH 

Co 

X 

a 

o 

tH 

4-1 

© 

d 

d 

ti 


d 

tH 


44 

O 

O 

tH 

X 

a 

o 

u 

4-1 

4J 

© 

© 


h . M 

J-gS 

73 2 g 
a^d 
02 W 


o 

*1 

!& 

■° o 

§1 

•r-* <X) 

a m 

7 d 

© H 

•r —1 5h 

t c3 

OQ 


44 

O 

O 

tH 

42 

a 

o 

tH 

4-1 

-4H> 

® 

© 

4H 

d 

© 

-*-> 

> 

•rH 

(-i 

a 

'd 

d 

,-c 

d 

tH 

d 

pq 


44 

7h 

X 

a 

o 

t-l 


© 

© 

4-1 

d 

© 

© 


T3 

t-> 

d 

t*. 

i 

d 

to 

d 

X! 

13 

d 

d 

d 

tH 

d 

PP 


T3 

b 

d 

>. 

i 

d 

t-i 

d 

X 

© 

d 

•pH 

d 

tH 

r o 

44 

O 

o 

t-l 

x 


d 

a 

02 


'd'T3 , d'd , d'd'd r d"d , d cd r d r d , d 

Jh pH^H^H 

oooooooooo o coo 

, d r d r d’d r d r d'd'd'd r d ~d nd'O'O 
©d®®©®©©©© © ©©© 

pqpqpqpqpqpqpqpqpqpq pq pppqpq 


^ -O to t-l to 

-3-°?as 

3 3 9 S d dXX 
d d 3 2 3 P >,t>> 

ooogooco 

03 odci Ha Ha 1-30202 


t-i 

© 

id 

>. 

d 

02 

© 

t-i 


© 

2 

75 

rri ^ 

• • <D % 

h-< C3 

o o^ 


Hjo 2 cd ^ PQt-502 


Cl Cl 


1 C 1 C 

rH d 


4444-^44 j'o'o 
O O O o -5 o O 
O O P O O ti t 
t-i t-i H {_, O o o 

X42Xx t-i ^ 

2 d d d-d 53 3 
cid" dX o O 
OOgoJtt 

a a g a g § i 

H t-i t-i 


H CO 


d <M <M 


tO O lO 


O O 


t-l t-lXJ t-l C4-I4H 
4l 4-1 ^ 4-1 t-< 

X-M ® +J '“ © © 
© © rti © +? © © 

© ©«d © ®4-4-H 

^C^OO 

lOiOCiO o o 

tH L- CO tH -ti CO CO 


§ 2 g 
9x2 
fdH 
d gx! 

||£ 

H H d 

4-<H 3 
XX ^ 

© ©Ch 
© © . 
«fH «*- +J 

©o' 4-1 
© © to 

HOt- 


44 

O 

O 

tH 

X 

'd 

d 

o 

tH 

PP 

a 

o 

U 


44 o 44 
O o O 
O tP O 
tn o tn 

XX- 3 

13 

13 

d § d 

3 tH O 

t-HQO tH 

pq^PP 

aga 

o £ o 


<T) -»-> -M 

(X) <X> (D <D 

«+H c «*H © 

© ^©^ 
O 1C \Q 1 C 
t-H L-Ht- 


i WA xxi’^'^.33^1 ® w «2-dX2 


>» >•, 


P>i kH 


> > 


42X2 42 X> 42 

-P^ddddddda 2 a' 73 ' 3 * 


to 

00 

CO 


d. 

C3 

s 


'd'd'd'd'd'c-d'd'd'd'd'd'd'd’d'd'd'd i3 

J—• ?-H ?-H S—< ?-H S-H J-H S—( ?—t J—I P-H S-H >^1 S-H ?—I ?H 

000000000000000000 o 

r o r o r O F o r o r O r o r o r o r d p O'O r ^ r rd r d r d r o r o t3 
000000000000000000 o 
pppqpqpqmpqpqpqpqpqpqpqpqpqpqpppqpp pq 


'OJ ^ '"O ^ T3 '‘O 'O *^0 *0 

OOOOOOOOOO 

r O r O r O r O r O r C r O r O r O r O 

oooooooooo 

pqpppqpqpppqpppqpqpq 


cn 

d 

o 

>■ 

hP 


© 


o 

O 


© 
d © 


© 


tn - • ' • • ’ «h - rr, UH •_; 

2 ^ : : k! rtj ® 'r* 3 ‘.2 • 

5+4 : . 4 ?g ih.h-i'-ixi d & . d • 

g£d©tH®£“ Q.td ^‘7^244 d44 
m © >F 3 tn*d 5 d ©W t-l W tH 
d^H PpH d dHpMcZ 2 fcr. . d b d 

SSh-PSw-SS 


| S a S ~3 S alS-2 P'S 

gpq d dHPWa 2 tx . d ^_d 


© 

44 

tH 

d 

O 

d 


4444 

© © d 
o o t- 
© © d 
'd'd P 
0 

o ©H 


'd'd ri 

22§ : 2 
° °-*- j © a 
a a gs § 

p^as^ad 

I © S s -'S 


CO 


Hi <M 


* 

3 2 
Sh O 

pO 

a s 
3 s 

t-l O 

«4H t-l 
( 1 ) 4H 

o o 

«4H O 

©^ 
© in 

t-H t- 


© 

Cl 


4444 • 

O 044 
OOO 

tH tH O 

XX H 
44 © ©^ .j 

O—h-hHi— i4sX 

u - ^-3 O O 
rt O O 


to 

Cl 


44^ 444444 ^44 
[b^XXXa^^X! 

aaaaa g agoo 

sSr^ddd^dt-tHtH 

nnOQOQn^", 

1 ^ ^ «, Q «pH *pH 

i© 333 ©©XX 

Mmpqwwp^cq aaasa ga g 
a s aaadao2£SS2 333 . 


Cl Cl • d 


Cl CO 


1C 


CO O 
CO CO 


p^ 

o 

o 

po 


> 

c3 

ft 

a 

o 

tH 


tH tH tH 

© © © 

> > > 
•pH • »-H «rH 
tH tH tH 


tH tH tH t-H tH 

® © ® © © 

t- > t> > > 

»r—I «i—I »pH »pH «pH 

tH tH tH tH tH 


tH 

© 

t> 




6 3 
H—H tn 


tH tH tH y tH* 

»■ ■ ©—< " ©-I 


4J-H-P4J-P ^ _ 

C4_i •■ c*_- *^' 000 <DO'* J '^'t? 

X .XXX .x 3 ©®®©©® 33 

CHH S t! -jj =H ® "M <HH P-. ^ <*_ © ,® ,® 

0 ^ 000^0 00000 ^ ^ 

iCOOOOiCOOOOOOOOOiC 

HLOHHHt'ClOHHHHHlClOCP 


+-> 

o 

o 

«*H 

o 

o 

CO 


fcwwww^S 

©©©©©’■' © 

d d d d dd d 
0000 odo 

Hj+i+j+i+jmii 

^GCCCCOOD^CC 

aaaaaSa 

0000 o 3 o 

tH tH tH tH tH±? tn 
«*H «H4 «*H «fH «*-i Ul «*H 


© © © 
d d d 
000 

-tn> 4_> HH! 

aaa 

282 


-*-2-*x.-<_J«fH^-e+-l ( ^--v-i pH 

e+H «*—1 <+h 00 OOO 0)0 
1C1CO1CO1C1CO hr O 

— • *' ( ' 


lr» fc— 1C H H Cl H ' 


I CO 


c*^^C/}p^!/ 3 CCCCCCcr}'XiC 0 .-^rC|p^ : J y3pCl^cC-^C/!5CDCCCCC/!) 


faa^ ^' Q ^' c dap.P. 3 || 

X © X xx 


n >>>>xx ^ 

© © © o, a 


>* 

X 


^XXXX 
HW XX X 


£i3i3i3 r 


5 1313 13 13 '13 a ^3 ^d T3 13 d3 ^ 43 


rTOTdXXr 
© ©'*- |t '- 1 


- p£ 3 <TH pCl r£3 

' i W ©_H ©_ t*—l 


HClCOHlCtOt-CCCC rH ClCOrh 
COOOOOCOOOOOCCQOCOO O OOO 
t— [— l- t- L~- L'- It* t* - tH 


wttt-aoato^cieodJift^t-cootCTH^ 

cede. c. o©o©oooooohthh 
^-^-^-t-t-oooooococccooooooooocccoco 


eo ^ to © c- x © © x ci CO 

t—l i-H t-H t-H t—I t— I i-H Cl Cl Cl h! 

ao ooaococoaoaoaoccaoco 






















































































































TABLE III — Beaver Dam Brook — ( Continued). 


22 


co 

u 

a 

a 

© 

Ph 


© 

£ 

o 

H 


r3 

© 

o 

=4-1 

T3 

© 


'Tj 

© 


© © © © 

tx tlblM 

'.'Tpnp'pnp 

WC’CTTCg 
=2=2 © a © a=2 

'O'© © © © ©©3 
© © o o o o © 


pq pq pqpqpqpiHPiHPHpq 


© 

© 

© 

£ 

o 


TJ 

ci 

© 

CO 

*3 

ffi 


M -d 


. . . 4_> 

%4 © ?H 

S - O fl ® © 

2"© § ©.© P © 
2 p P © ^ 03 © 

-j © HH »- , • 


CO <£> 

© tx 

© 3 

© ?s 


•sStj 

<M • • • • • CO • 

•S9SJ0H 

CO <01 CO <M Ci <M 

•SM.OQ 

\a> CO 1C O CO • O 00 

t-H d rH • Ci 


© © © !h © 

© © © © © 

t> > > > > 

• 4 —< •<—* »H •*-©•■—H 

© © © © © 


© 

© 

© 

d 

* j 
CO 

•>—H 

Q 


W ffl 

® © 

© a 

2 -2 

02 CC 

a 

o 

© 


300203 • • -® 


a 

o 


© © © 
© © © 
o o o 

4-> 444 44. 

CZ20202 

aaa 

o o o 

.© © © 


© 

-^©4 a 
o o o o 
P ° oS! 
©2.0,0 


a a 

2 ° 

© © 


© 

©^ 

©a 
© a 


o 

o 

CO 


© 

© 

=4-1 

Ift 


' 4-4 4-4 -© 

J © © © 

4 © © © 


o o o 

o o o o o © o 

c< o m is in in io 


•noi^'BAQia; 

=© 33 ©i©a © © ©=©©3 

•sSiTiptinq^nQ 

b by 

b by 

b by 
b by 
b by 
b 

b by 
b by 
pv 

•S0snon 

XI J© -©.©-©-©-©-©-rt 

<+H «+H «f—1 ft—, W *^h «4—( 

•joquin^i 

'-H 10 CO t> 00 05 O H Cl 

Ci Ci Ci Cl Ci CO CO CO 

CO 00 X 00 00 00 00 00 00 

H— H — 


■H 

0C 

00 


<© 

-O 


<© 

o 

<© 


£ 

•w 

03 


co 

© 

© 

a 

o 

02 


© 

o 

co 

'© 

!Z5 


m a 
cq 

£ £ 

Eh : 

O _ 

o 

o : 

a? 

ift ~ 


© 

© 


o 

o 

© 

CO 

© 

«M 

o 

u, 

a 

ci 

©2 

© 

o 


00 

CO 


CD 


-O 


C3 

O 

<43 


=4-4 

o 

M 

© 

ci 

©2 

© 

O 

>» 


Igpe^s'la 

©®©®>oM^© 

-2 hh co P '0 ©'D ® 

© ©t© o © © £ 

© p ©ft d o 

P a £2 ® g 1-2 

a _ 2 ”■ © £ © © 

© © © co ®_71 _ 

S *3 =2e ®o 0 

K* 


© 

© 

(r 

• 1 —H 

a 

o 


I 

© 
. © 
© c3 

©H til 
3 © 


© 


hsl 05 ’- 


+2 ^ 
d*;3 
•1—< cc 

=o23 

© 

© © m 

^ > k. r 


c3 

a 

CO 

CO 

a 

sh 

cS 

bi 

a 


c3 

'd 

*h 

c3 

d 

^H 

c3 

S8 

31^ 


>=t-H 

^ c 


© © 

© -C^ © +J 

S'W,© ©rrt 

=2 © a 3r © 5 © a 

^ i-l 4J ® ® 

>>•© * © G-2 
©t^+-> © © 

-3^2 ^a & ©®,P 


© 

©^ 


JL j ^ CO ^ ,., r a 

_ *-03’© ©•- ® • 

© © a cc ® d 

©.-M © c -*- 1 3 w 9 
©©©>_,©o 3 © 

co © © © 

© P- © jj; ts- 5 *-!«- © 

Q 


cc 


t> f>- o 

•-- 1 < X 

© ^ © p 

03 O 2J© 

•rl+J 03 

a 

g © a 2 3 

^ © o=2 © 

^ *Is ^ -*-3> ^ 

© g'^- 1 ©© 
©a a © a 

f-t O ©4—1 O 

ft © © 

O ©—' k*-* © 

o © © > © 

ft30 ©’C >> 

gcPh 


© 

ci 

4— 3 a 

©fc 

© O 


© 

o 

© 


£© H . 
hOg O 


© 

CO 


«5 


o 
o 

© 

030 

C ci 

a^ 

o o 
© , 
=4-4^ 

■M © 

© cS 

© E 

=4-1 

© © 

So 


M 

o 

o 

© 

© 

a 

© 

= 4-1 

o 

M 

© 

a 

©2 

© 

O 


© 

© 

> 


o 

o 

© 

CO 

© 


a 


^ co co 


rH <M CO 
-+•=», -H 
* * 


•03 
: © 
• a 








CI1V 

© CO 

m 


X 

X 

(X) 

CO ©© 

1*4 S-4 

1*4 

© 

u 

Sh 

>H 

© © © 

© © 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

® a O 

aa 

a 

a 

a 

a 

© 

as* 

0 0 

0 

0 

0 

•0 

0 

®02 

mxn 

zn 

zn 

zn 

02 

C/2 



© 

© 

0 


• rH 

X 

0 

"o 

*55 

© 

©> 

© 

4-4 

fe; 

e5 

© 

• 

0 

0 

<1 


o 

o 

o 


ci 

© 

>1 

ffi 


<!OW 


•"* CO 


© © 10 

C, rH 


© 

© 

> 


o 

o 

© 

co 

© 


a 


0 

0 

© 

© 

«4H 

<4-J 

4-i 

-4-3 

© 

© 

© 

© 

«*H 

«4H 

0 

0 

10 

10 

CO 

CO 




© 

© 

0 

© 

© 

© 

>• 

> 

> 

> 


•f“© 

•rH 

•r© 



© 

© 

-4-3 


444 

4-4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

a 

0 

© 

© 

X 

X 

© 

CO 


d 

© 

© 


V-H 

krH 

©H 



r"4 

^4 

g 

3 

a 

a 

0 

0 

0 

0 

i© 

© 

© 

© 

C4-© 

«*H 

=4—4 

«*H 

4-» 

-M 

4-4 

4-4 

0 

© 

© 

© 

0 

© 

© 

© 

«4H 

«*H 

=4-4 

=4—4 

0 

0 

0 

© 

— 

© 

10 

»o 

uo 

rH 

rH 

© 


©a © 32 



00 © 

Ht4 -j4 
























































































23 


© 

> 

'H 

Si 

o 

M 

Si 

3 

>» 

■ 

a 

t~i 

a 

43 

a 

o 

Si 

«M 

a 

•hH 

a 


-hi 

t*o 

© 

© © 
a'a 

2k 


| CC. 


& o'C 
-aS 

a: o o 

aa- 

^ c © 

.22 © © 

i ©- 

r © 


Si 

it; 


;gg 

n43 © 

So.® 

■*“* e. 

“.-a 
4* a - 
© 2 ^ 
o o © 


a 

W 


O Si 


si ^4 

> • g 

‘C © Si 

a-gf 

o 

&Ba 
© 2 © 
®Sa 

ic 5 2 
C, «2«S 


g® 


© 


^a -2 

3>>® 

©,-m > 

,”a« 

T3 © ' 

rj >. s>» 

0S4-> q 
n^rq <D 

*-• Sh £ 
c3 Cw -4-j 

t r ,! r*® 

a a a 

Si Si <-> 

a a o 

fflWK 


Si 

© 


a 

o 

Si 

«M 
.M 
Si © 
© © 

'£ >> 
hi a 
o§ 

44 Sr 
a-^ 
a >, 

43 > 
d 'o 

o a 


v-i 

s a 

■g* 

r K ^ 

O'C 


44 

© 

© 

£ 

a 

© 


a 

© 

© 

© 

Si 

M 

m 

Si 

© 

m 

43 

51 

a 

a 

53 


4* 

a 

a 

rO 

43 


© 

i> 

^© 

si 

© 

►> 


S3 

2a 

«*-* i 

ts® 

<2’? 

.2 £ 

Si o3 

Pi 72 


_: © >, 
o-2'° 

33£ft 
a si a 
1—1 a 
i 3 :7a 

»si ® 

O ©33 

, ft > a 
,o »•-"££ 

d h ® O Si 

a i-m © 


44 

O 

o 

Si 


o a2r ^ 

Si Sir* 

'll ©Hi 

Mt3 

® a 2 

Site 

'll m 


© O ,4 
©-2 ® 

© o 

a © o 

o® a 

43 o a 
. „ © © 
o » 
© t- ® 
00 S*M 
„®43 

a &t 
0*53 


© 

© 

-a 

© 

a 


• m 

© Q 

44 © 


a © © k!J ^44 

I3l~a>g 

a ots q'h ~ ^ 

«a a S 3 ga o® a.S © a ® 
>.^^g2|&?2©33-r 

®tn S' /-i © 3 © a rr> fe 


ft— 
© © o 3 
> 343 


© 5-1 
fc£ si 
a © 

a > 


J 44- - 

a o a, a 


-*S 


-, © O'© p- 

®43 ®w +J 


lgs , BtSl'3SS'35®-5 

Prjiaa© t £^si’'*;'^ , a© 

b33 AT a a ® >- ' o © k2 ? 

.A: g-aS © 044 3^344.>^,2 
Si fj ©Him cS O 85 g n 3 ® 
PAgcPh hi hiPiO 


• • 

• 

a a 

a 

rJ 5s 

r: 

® P 

o 

4444 

S 

fH 5 h 

U 

o o 

o 


pH 


CO CO 


ic o 


(D <s> 
> > 

Si Si 

-h> -h> 

o o 
o o 
© © 
© © 
a a 

S3 

sa 

o o 

U U 


© O 
<D <d 

«*-H <4-4 

o o 
o o 

lO rH 


44 

© 
o 

tfj-l 

*si a 

HH 

<X)MH 

Hi a 


a 

o 

© 

Si 

© 

© 

Pi 

© 

© 

'a 

o 

43 

Pi 


Si 

© 

> 


O 

O 

© 

© 

a 


o 

44 

a 

a 

43 

a 

O 


00 

oo 


5- 

s 

-43 


<a 

<a 

<a 


©©©©©*©©©©©©© CO ©©©©©©© cc-innn 

aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa'aS 22 g 

ocooooooooooooooooooooaaaa 

CC CC CO CC 1 CO CC 02 CC CC GC SO GC GC GO CC OQ 02 CC CC CC QC 32 O O O O 


© 

g 

Si 

a 

o 


© 

a 

c3 

O 


a, a) a» 

aa a 

H-l J— < 

c3 c3 c3 

oo o 


Si 

© 


© 
a 

2=13 

aQO 


© 


V-U- 
Si Si" 


333 © 

ao^oo 000 

t- 

c 2 


S^a 

Ouu 

S-^PhW 5 Si p 


•a 

a 

© 


-4J 

2 >• 
rt'S-g £3 a 
« d frS£ 


Si Si 

a a a a ^ 

2^ dd o 

c •- a a m 


a h.s-T 4 4 u - a’a to •^•-^ 43430 “ 3 -a w s-i y 

© £ *S« | 2<2w 3^ ^gsgsg^o^ 

^ Q ^ y J ^ lJ J M ^ W J > > r o ^ lJ HH 




^ ^ CO 


<M CO (M 


O 1C o o 
Ol <M Cl 


■ CO Cl Cl 


• Cl Cl tH 


• iC lO CO 

• Cl »-« 


tn J-i t-i 

O) <D (X) 

> > > 

r—t »>-H *iH 

Si Si Si 


o 

o 

© 

© 

a 

g 

a 

o 

Si 


O O 

o o 


© 


© 

© 


o 

© 


© © rr. 

® 2 a 

a a ^ 

HH 

f^Si 

a -i a 
a a o 

o o 2 

Si Si hi 

HH^ 

■mu© 

© © © 
© ©Hi 
n=M 0 ' 

CO 1C 
io ® H 


Si Si M S- 

© © © © 

"si ’si "si ‘si 

-MMM 

o O C O 
O O O O 
2 © © © 

1 © © © 

2 a a a 

a a g a 

p 2 2 2 

H- - e 


^ CO Cl 


o o »o 

Cl Cl f-H 


» CO CO 


CO • lO 


»o • O lO 
rH • Cl Cl 


©©Si©,,©®SiSiSiSiSi 

k > ? >~r > > 9 ? P ? ® 

fH fH *q rH O ^H th *H »»H *F—I l rH •!—H 

4_J 4_J fH l~t 4_4) Ih Ll Sh ^ Sh 

O OM 043 O ommmmm 
O O O On O o ° ° O O O 

© © O ©-a © © O O O O O 

©©©©a©®©©©©© 
aa®a3aa©©©©© 
d d d d 

3 an ^ 


-M © © © 

© © © © 
O «HH ft-H «4— 
Ei_i 

o o o 
ic o o o 

d CO CO CO 


£ % q § 

- M ^ H ^ 

OoOCgpoS 

' ^4412^=2,2 2 

MM aMMMn 4 * -1 
®©a^>®®©M 
®©_o®©®©© 

'mH“'HH'l! H © 

O © aoOOO'H 
©OnOOO©© 
IMCSW<MC«5COCOIO 


a^a 

244 2. 

'H 

® o © 
O’® ©. 

hi i», 

iCn © 
(MU® 


Si • 

© • 

.244 
Si o 
M O 

o a 

P' Q 4444 
ga°° 
a 

SH 


Si 
© 
-a 
* 
•s—I 

Pi 


a • 

o tn 

2 a 

© 3 

•2" S 

Mcj « 
^ * 
w<i « 

Wh» E-i 


2 2 24444 

34343 O O 


c n 


..a a 2 2 

a © o- 0 -® 

P Si Si —_ 

t- C4—, CfH p— i h—) 

Co CS 

oogg 
tr, ^ 0 0 ^ b 
^ (X> ch-i e*—i CO CO 

0*7 © © a a 

© 1 ft lO © n n 

Mtfrt mOO 


Si 

© 

> 


M 

O 

o 

© 

© 

a 


a 

O 


© 

a 

ft 

o 

43 

a 


© 

44 

a 

01 

a 

O 


© 

a 
ft 
o 

43 

a 

©pi 

a © 

&44 

o a 

-1 
© Si 

44 5 * -1 

a-H> 

a*" 

03 


© 

a 

a. 

o 

43 

a 

© 

44 
a 
hi 

a 


© © 

Hi S3 

Si Si 

GO c3 a 

00 oo 


Sl-M 

© a 

X si 

© a 
«Ph 
• • 


• © 


4444 

i h 

43 43 

aa 

a a 

EK 

43 43 
© o 
a a 
a a 

Si Si 

4343 

aa 

o o 

Si Si 

<+H «+H 
4H 

<4-1 «HH 

ic o 

t— lO 



©-343 ;a34343-3 co © I 

alaJ ©-343 : 

© f : © : 

>»>» 

4343 

4343 

434343— k-O >.®43'43 PX34343 >43 

4343 4343 ^43 ^4343-0 ^434343 ^43 aft 

PV 
b by 
pv 
b by 
b by 
pv 


pv 

pv 

b 

pv 
b by 

4343 ap 43^2^343"043'0-34343 3 4343 33^34333'3 aT343T34343H ® 

Vh<HH ^ C+—|th_,C 4 _,ef_, hH«H-<C4—I'HH C/}®fH (Xi ^ «*H «HH«fH ,jD 

© r a , a h ag 

CO ^ 


O »-H 


Cl 

»o 

* 


QOCOHClM^lOOt-XCOH(MCO^lOOt>OOC5CHClCO 

»-H^ClClClClClClClClClClCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO^-t<^^ 


lO 


tH OO 


































































































































TABLE III — Plum Brook — ( Continued). 


24 


M 

Ph 

c3 

a 

© 

Ph 


■* a 


© 


o 

o 

©> 

a 

o 

(-1 


© 

© 


«d 

tn 

«3 

>» 

I 

a 

S-I 

ai 

©> 

T3 

a 

d 

fl 

P 

c3 

ffl 


©I 

© 

d 

cC 

t-i 

aa 

oj 

r a 

© o 

> I 

“-w 

© d 

>> «3 

■+- © 

§ 1 

d 

£ ® 
d2 

wo 


M 

o 

o 

sh 

-d 

a 

c 


© 

© 

et-i 

d 

© 

-»-» 

t» 

p> 

•rH 

P-l 

W 


d 

► 

o 

E-i 


-—i©© © ©m©©©©©©©©©© 

© !H p Jh SnSHS-ifH^^^SHSHSHt-S-i 

d®© © ®©®©®®©©©®®© 

£aa a aaaaaaaaaaaa 

doo o ooccoccococo 

00202 02 020202020202020202020202 


© 

d 

£ 

o 


! s_ © 


-d 

© 

o 


i§ a 

o 

. © 

02 WO W 


d 

ffi 


•SSIJ 

• CO CO CO 

CO 0 CO • 

VO CO ^ 

-fl 

•S9SJ0JJ 

i 00 

CO 

^ ^ CO Cl 

-fl Cl 00 

-fl 

•SMOO 

• VO 

• t-H 

20 

O O vo • 

Cl CO ?! • 

-fl 0 0 0 

CO vo CO Cl 

0 

-fl 


© 

© 

d 

d 

-U 

© 


-d • 

"tH • 

d-d-d 
d o o 
doo 

d sh ti 

E-°^ 

Ssa 

odd 

iww 

£aa 

£ 2 2 

L4J+J 
«+-H <£> <X> 

<X> <D 

OOO 
LO kO K5 




CO 

o 

<X> . 

^*3 < 3 } Cfl /<^' ^ 

h p © 222 

©d eaww 

® u O p • • 

>0>-soPhPh 


WHH'w'dd :d<ww 


>. >. 
03 •'d'O 
© © d d 

®.d S-, d 

H £WH 

■ ^ • • 


-d 

O 

o 


-d 

o 

o 

d 


d 

E 


-d-d-d-d-d-d 

"d 'd ‘d "d 'd'.*" 1 

©2©>-d©2-Od 

a a a a a a „ 

d d s d d d^ 


d 

s 

a 

o 


o 

d 
d dH 
-d 

+? © 

© O 

© «*—i 


d cddddddd-d 
d^0©©0©©«d« 
2-0 ddddddSgp 

ggaaaaaaadQ 

d«HOOOOOOOgo 

4-J 

®®+i-d-d-d-d-t-3+j .O 

1;4^c+_ ( * +H | dH«HiHd-idH c+_< 


o 

10 


000000000^0 

OOOOOOO iO ICO O' O 


•nopuAeia; 


©-d-d -d -d © co-d ©-d'a-d-d'? © © 


sSuxpiinq^no 


>,0 > 

ft ©^©, 


,0 


* ^ ^ ©>»>»>>>1 . >> 

>-Q©>©!©5 £©> 

ft©2©2©> ft©)©!.©©; & ©2 


•sesnojj 


'd-d-p 

© t *H 


« £> d £5'©s'© d -d d d 1 d -3 


•jequmji 


Cl © t- 
-fl VO VO 


CO 00 h C*l CO ^ 1C C h X o o 

VO iftOOOOOOOOCOOt-- 


GC 

00 


5^ 

rO 


^3 

<© 


P3 

m 

> 

HH 

Ph 

02 

P 

o 

1—1 

H 

(-H 

Eh 



-d 

d® 

p d 

5-3 
2* 
as 

%% 
>+* 
© o 
d-g 
© d 

d 5 ® 

1 5 t p 

we'd 

5 "o 
dp o 

^a c 

—< d 
© d*- 1 

> © © 

©pr-d 

— o ° 

d o.d 


dd 

d’ 

a 


aaa 

r* 

1 —-- 

aaaa 

(—• 

(—> 

aaaa 

a 

© © © 

© 

© © © © 

© 

© © © © 

© 

cSfitS 

—H 

c5 s3 e3"eS 

eg 

cc cC cC'cC 

'c3 

ccxcc 

02 

02020202 

<Z2 

02020202 

02 

-d-d.d 

r~* 

©:^3©2©3 

©J 

©3©;d-d 

-d 

P- Ph Ph 

Ph 

Ph P- P- Ph 

Ph 

P- Ph Ph Ph 

s 

00 c 

0 

c c 0 0 

0 

0 c 0 0 

0 




!Z5 




a ■ © 

C'Sd -73 r O 

Cj-U) —■ 

2 r 

tecc'd 


°H° 


m 

Ph 

5zj 


CO CO CO 


d P) p 

OOO 
> > > 
*C*C‘S 

CO CC' CO 
d d d 
_©_© © 

•i— •—H •—- 

aaa 

000 

f-i t- Sh 

«4—. e<—, C|— 1 

+J-P*J 
© © © 
© © © 
«*—I **—1 «4—( 

OOO 
O 10 o 

Cl r-t 03 


© 

© 

“ 

o 

© 

s 


d^ ^ 

|«®s 

r ©dd 

rc^ d d 

Ph ®cq © 

©fe 


d o 
co © 

. o 

d t-H 


ti 

© 

”© 

© 

-d 


© 

> 

• —H 

Ph 

CO 

3 

o 


Ph Ph ' Ph 

O) o ^ o 

> > ? > 


CO 


10 CO O 20 
CS -CO 


u 

CD 

> 


Ph P-. Ph 

OOO 

> > > 


i—' Ph Ph 


CO 

o 


Ph Ph 

CO CO ^ CO 

0 0^2 
0 0^0 
-4-h H— .0 -M 

S3 a a 

O O H o 

Ph Ph O Ph 
c^q_, Sh <+—i 

-4-J 4—» ^ 4P 

O O h-p o 
0)0^0 
Cf_- O ^4—1 

0 0^0 
O' VO vo vo 


Ph Ph.-h 


r co co 
d d d 
© © © 


Eh HEhE^ 

a aaa 

o 000 

t-l Si t- 
«H «4— 1 1|—| t|—| 
J-J -U ^-1 +J 
© © © © 
© © © © 


© 

d tH 

© © 
■H > 

1 1 — 


H 

a 

o 

u, 


o 

o 


© 
© 

o o o** -1 

0000 

H* rH 1C 


CO 

d 

© 


© 

> 

O 


-d -o-d ©,d -d 


>. >> >, >» 

P >di ,©>>©2 P2 dd£© 
-d -O -d ©2 ^ ^©5 ©2 ©3©JP2©! 


-drrt-d -d d-9 r 

«4-H W «4-h «*H «H VO 


;-d ©3 -d©2- 


jp a 


Cl CO 
cc CC CO 


VO 

cc 


OhXCl 
OC CC CO CC' 


O 

Cl 


1 —' Cl CO vo 

0000 Cl 
































































































25 


J * 

o.y 

O d 
d d 
XC 7 J 

s§ 

CO d 

O'—< 

«2 d 

m CD 


* O • ‘ d CD 
'O-y d o a 
d G 3 O S 

O 


X4 

d 

d 

X2 

X3 

*-> 

•H 

£ 

> 

© 

d 

O 


d 

s® a®- 

d^«£a 

CD^G g « 

.a s »®-a 

d^ a^d 

d ® ©•£ © 
p rt Q<— 

® g ® 

^ ® d £.g 

1 r> _ 


© 

I 

•iH 

a 

©.3 


©t 

© 


© 


-*—> 

«4-H 

«d 

73 

d 

o 

d 


© » 

2 o 
-Pda 

a ^ 

^5 CD 

-.xa © 

§a.s 

c “a 

2 ® 

P-* pH 

GpG 

P3« 


•—H <—< G L_j . _, 

g-2xa3^ . 

tL s © d © ja 

rr>. rf)7? 


o .. 

d -4—- 

X! CO 


© 

d 

a 


© pi ©da 
d ^ o 

~ a |S£2 
a^scgp 

cfi 0 ^ fl 

r» O ►>. f 


CO t | >H 

.26 

•P t CQ'© 

a co 

‘rt ^ o © 

"-I ,~X 2 © 

d da 2 

d g o 

O «4_4 r—< • • 

-P +jda ©fij 

^ga>^ 

d=4H ' d © 

o 2 d2^ 

4- O =3 ^ X &CC ® °S 

gp.^l'o.pg .^©d 

£ “ 736 x 4 c^£-Sgtt® 

Sg^Sg 

© © cfi’Sn 
;Q «d £° 
O &73 3 

•iM *-H 


73 © 

a° 

CO X 

Pi 
d ® 

a © 

O'© 

d (fl 

^4-. © 

4J © CO 
© .© ••© 
3 a 

._. M & 2 
©--•d a 
t* co-v ^ 
cca dxa 


co co 

d d 


&d ® 
„xa ®2 

• p—t 0 &£.pH ^ I 

^^©o, 
£ 2 o~ 2 
> co^-^aa c-® 
-2 “aZ a c~~i 

I'd © c g£ o§! 

I d -d'P _ dr 
1 d j © % d d or 

1 p© i**! (**7 


d 

d 

73 

x4 

o 

o 

d 

X3 

"d 

a 

CO 

xa 

d 

d 

X3 

xa 


d 

d 

73 

x4 

o 

o 

d 

X> 


d 

a 

CO 


4hPh © • >, 

° dP'P d 

co a ® 5 tiiS 

® t»r 


■ o o 

! a 

’ ^ T* 


a 


£ d ^ > © a ' O d—I >, a 

dT- 5F—* S. o d o ©-a c a o 

•— ^ W.L 3 ^ H H ^ ^ fj 

cd^^Oi^tHc^pOCg’r^aj^d 

Q “ - 


) H ^ i 

i dX> i 
« 


a d d g 

® © ® d 
CO 


© © 

";! 


xa 

d 
d 

:S X 2 

— Ep . _. 

©^_ ajxa 
■d © ©33 
c > co r 

xa ©•© ^ 

- 6 £3 — 
©a r“ © © 
d l> a > 

S d a© 

coPh h! 


pa 
2 S' 

- Sh ^,__ 

§ g d d-d ^ 

« © &a2 © © 

o 

^®?c^5© 

X xa © co d M 

M< 0 Kr4-3 1 O 
4J d ©-2 © d 


t>» 

d 

© 


CO 


£ 

-*-< 

>. 

> 

d 

■Ph 


dd3 

?a 


„ ^ © © 

a- O m-g 

co-2©3S & S° 
S^^ca 00 ^ 1 -’ 0 
p ag? . 

d h« o © — 

©5 d o sum 
^ xSacgH'H.s 
o-o'oxaxaM o d 

! 2 ; C5 


© 

d 

o 

73 

d 

d 

a 

o 

xa 

. co 

©xa 

•Ih ,rH 

-a 


d 

d 

d3 

xa 

b£ 

a 

o 

d 

xa 


© 

id] 

d 

d 

xa 

© 

CO 


d 

d 

73 

xa 

3 

O 

d 

xa 


© 

tii 

d 

d 

xa 

© 

CO 


CO CO 


^ —. w c 

2^3 d^ c 
-< © 3 ^ 
. > c 2 «^ 


0 

a ®Q 2 i QQ 
tiro 
c © ca^ 

=- - ~ ©■ 


,• © 
3 CD 

© o 

-4- —4 

■r* © 


^ c3^ '• w '— » ^ 


k' 0 

© ® dP 

im, r*. — 


X O 
S3 


o pp !P 


t-4 

<S 

*Y* 

•pH 

. d 

o 

ox! 

o d 
d.3 

^ © 
d © 
© tX 

> d 

. O d 

7 ^xa 

©■—- © 

.63.2 

*-X73 

3 >*!>> 
c. 2.2 

d d 

PhPh 


© 

> 
• pH 

o 

-M 

fl 

•H 

73 

d 

d 

>> 

i 

3 

d 

d 

xa 

© 

d 

•pH 

d 

d 

73 

xa 

o 

o 

d 

Xc 


d 

a 

CO 





v -... 




r 1 

•—^ 


N - ~V- 

------- 

---- 


aaa 

a 

a a 

a 

a 

a a 

a 

3 

aaa 

a 

a 

a 

a ! a 

a 

aaa 

© © © 

© 

© © 

© 

© 

© © 

© 

© 

© © © 

© 

© 

© 

© . © 

© 

© © © 

d d d 

G 

d d 

G 

G 

d d 

G 

G 

d d a 

G 

G 

G 

d d 

G 

G G G 

CO COCO 

CO 

COCO 

CO 

CO 

COCO 

CO 

CO 

CO CO CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

co : co 

CO 

CO CO CO 

xaxaxa 

xa 

xaxa 



xaxa 

xa 

xa 

xaxaxa 

X3 

xa 

X3 

xa : xa 

xa 

jd-dxa 

PH PM PH 

Sh 

Ih Jh 

Ph 

Ph 

L L 

d 

tn 

P- P- pH 

Th 

Ph 

Ph 

Ph • Ph 

Ph 

Ph Ph Ph 

O O O 

c 

c o 

o 

o 

o o 

o 

o 

o c o 

o 

o 

o 

o • o 

o 

coo 

izjSziSz; 









55 

55 


55 : ?5 

55 



• • • 

• • • 

co 

CO CD 

d 

© 

d 

© 

a : 2 

73 

7373 

M 

M 

® Sd 

© >. d 

'o 

d 

© 

1 ' >■ 4 

o O 
d d 
>% >> 

© © 

© 

© 

fl 

© 

© 

Q 


P5 

P3P3 



• Mm 

M(X7i^4 

< 

m’w 

Eh 

H 


>> 

73 

d 

3 

P4 


d 

© 

"© 

© 

w 


H W 


x 


Cl Cl 


t- CO 


CD 


Cl Cl 


d d © 

© © > 

> >•?* 
•pH • pH *— 

L_ 

M © 
© © d 

3 3 © 
© ©•-. 

2 P© 

sag 

O O u 

Im Lh«h 

•*M VH ^ -> 
4-> 4-> 0 

© © © 

© ,©«*- 
v-Vh 0 

o o o 

rH lO ^ 


0 

•pH 

CO 


G 

O 

Sh 

«4-H 

0 

0 

4-h 

o 

O 

(M 


$H i-» 
0 0 
> > 
• pH *H 

d d 
© © 
3 3 

© © 


E-H 

aa 

o o 


© © 
© © 


© © 
ic io 


d 

© 


© 

3 

o 


O 

xa 

d 

pH 

xa 

d 

O 


1C 

Cl 


d d . d 

© © d ® 

> > <P > 


r 3 r— "© 

© 3:3 ® 

c 3 ci cn 
© ® ® 3 


d 

© 


© 

d 

© 

.... a 
CPPPP 

k5<< 


. a 

O 02 


P7 


d 

© 

3 

© 


O 

d 


© 

© 

M 

© 

© 


d—• 
© U 
a © 

© 3 
— © 


d 

© 

3 

© 


H 

3 3 

3 d 3 

o g o 

d O d 


©4-> © 

© © © 
<4-4 0 «4-l 

o 

O ic 


o 

_ . o 

Cl 


t-l 

0 

> 

•pH 

d 

© 

3 

© 


o 

xa 

3 

d 

xa 

d 

G 


© © 

--I CO 


d . 

© d d 
d © © 
•2 > > 


© 

d 

d 

O 

4-> 

CO 

K 

p4 


d 

© 

> 


© 


d d 
© © 

© 3 3 d 
— © © © 

■4-H >h »pH *pH 

•H4P+X -4—> 

^EHSH H 

§ £ a a 

tio c o 

'4H M d S-4 


CO 


0 4-> 4-> 

0 1 0 
<4-H 0 0 

o o o 

Cl lO lO 


0 

1 


o 

Id 


tH 

© 

>• 

*2 

CO 

G 

© 


EH 

a 

c 

(m 


0 

0 


O 

kO 


•pH 

co 

G 

0 


a 

o 

tH 


O 

o 


o 

IO 


*H 

0 

•pH 

CO 

G 

© 


O 

p^ 
*—i 

d 

X) 

d 

O 


©•^ x3 xaxa 


© 


© © ^3 


xaxa co 


.>!>>>> 
2 xaxa xd 


xaxa 


x;xd 
xa xaxa 


>> 

xa 


t»> tc . 

xa xa^> x> 
x> xa xa 


K*» ^ 

xax > xa xa 
xaxa 1-1 


33x3X3 M 73 -^ 

CO «4—i «4—4 ^ ^ e 4-H 


-G'G a 

Ch CO <4-H 


lO 

Cl 


^^X3 73 73 


© 

O 

W 


K 


-14 

© 




© . p r 

« S«^d 
O MCO^S 


d 

© 

•pH 

CO 

PH 

H 

© 


o 


0 

© 


o 

iO 


^ L* - 
0 0 Jh 

> > g © 

‘C d. 2.2 

M CO^ 

3 3 2 2 

© ©3d 

•pH »pH 0 0 
—' -4-P.p-.pH 

•pH ‘H 4 J+J 

H 

a a a a 

o o o d 

d d O O 

«H «H ti U 
+J c *-H e +-* 
(0 0 4-> 4-P 

0 0 0 © 
<+H <fH 0 © 
_ «*-, <4-4 

© © 

IC © © © 
r—4 Cl rH rH 


CO * CO^j 


> > 
fit 


CO 


G 

ci 




ct-co 
© © © 


CO -H 
© © 


id 

© 


© 

© 


t- 00 © 

© © © 


© 

rH 

rH 

* 


H d CO •"* 


© 


A 


tii7 I fh I b by 



























































































TABLE III — East Branch of Croton River—( Continued). 

December 13, 1884. 


26 


CD 

© 

a 

2 

© 


d 

o 


a 

© 

a 

aa 

CD 

»l—« 

3 

aJ 

+-> 

• • </} • 
fn *h (T) *h 

<D 3 ) . <X) 

tugx; 

£3 a 

225^2 

O Ojj h o 
© © o ^ 

^ X > c+ -' 
^ *r +-> 

<1.0) ^ o> 

<D 

**-h ^ <X» ^ 

d a ®*C d 

a, ©.o r © 
-© -»-> i _ -© 

>.>.©?> 

© © © 
Ah Ahi-A Ah 


© 

CD 

0 

O 

d3 

i 

tx 

a 

'O 

© 

d 

O 

X> 

© 

© 


© 

© 

> 


a 

o 

In 


© 

© 

©h 

a 

© 

-© 

>. 

> 


a > 

3 >£“* 
CO Ah 


© 

© 

a 

o 

aa 

i 

r—H 

O 

o 

aa 

© 

CO 


>. 

© 

© 

-© 

© 

a 

<D 

o 

<D 

4-> 

C3 

•rH 

© 

Ah 


© 

03 

a 

o 

ai 

a 

o 
© 
«*—« 

'd 


o 

© 

aa 

•pH 

CfJ 

<D 

■ 4— 1 
•rH 

cc 

O 

a 

c. 

o 

a 

o 

a 

© 

a 

« 


© 

© 

t> 


a 

o 

© 


© 

© 


a © 
© © 
> > 

©© 


© 

> 


©a © a 2 

©Jpo 

CD 

a 
o 
aa 


£ a a 

'MU 

a -© .©> 

m © © 
_ © © 


© d a a 

tit a >.>> 
2 o.££ 

K «H L L 

02 AhAh 


O 

CD 

DA 

a 

a 

a 

o 

© 

© 


© 

© 

i> 


a 

o 

a 

«© 

©'•© 
£ © 
> ® 
.A*- 1 

u >. 
=s 

a2 

3 a 

X3 ° 
^ © 

a-*-* 

o © 

K- © 


> > > 


© 

Ah 


© © 
A-Ah 


a 

£ 

o 

H 


aa a :a 


© © 

a a 
coco 

aaaa 
■© ■© 
a a 
o o 


© 

a 

co 

aa 

H-J 

iH 

o 


© , P 4 J-P^ 4 J 4 J-P-P-P- 1 J P'P 4 - 1 -P-P'P-P-P-P 

"d \ CD CD CD cr, CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD 

_,2_ aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 
, d c/J 'd, ©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© 
Axa 3 aaaaaaxa 3 aid 3 aaa 3 aaaa.da 3 aaaaaaa 4 a 3 a 3 

© .© c-fjp+J 4 J+ j p-p-'pw^+-+j+JHV 4 J-pp-p 

^^^aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 

aoaooooooooooooooooooo 
O o Ti CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO GO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 


-© *-> 
cr. © 
a a 
© © 
aaaa 
— — 
a a 
o o 

CO 02 


-©> •© 
© © 
a a 
© © 
.a-a 
•©> ■<-> 
a a 
o o 
coco 


a 

© 

a 

£ 

O 


ca 
<x> a 

AS 
£ a 

3 2 
S c 

©^ 

S©j 


a 

•rH 

cd 

—H 

fcH 

— © 
^ax & 

•p-ss c 


a a 
© © 
a 3 a 3 


■Z CD 


>>« 




>> a 2 cl 3 HrH — o a 
^A nkS^ a . . 3 o 

~r ii—3*—3 


co 




3 •*- 

a © ©+-> 

tScf i '©*^tjS©® 
© ©.^■’'-aC" 3 a ^ 8-1 


a 

o 

©i 

■a 


c t- —- 

© © - i 


fcH —a S © 3 c ^ © 


a 


© 

o s 
a a 




CO 

a g 
o g 

® o 

0X1 


•S^IJ 


•S0SJOH 


■ Cl kC 


X 


CO CC CO • 1C CO to Cl 


•SAYOQ 


• O to 

Cl Cl 


O to o 

Cl d Cl 


O d O T-l 

CO H CO 


<x> 

a 

a 

-* 

•w 

4 -A 

•rH 

ft 


a a 
o o 

o o 

a a 

OO 

-dja 
© © 
a a 

H 

© © 
WA 3 


hs d 


ss 

o o 

u © 


aaaaaaaaaa 

oooozoocoo 

oooooooooo 

s-pUp'-u^aas-patj 

OOXOQOCOO 


©©©©©©©©© ©©i k 

aaaaaaaoaac-^ooocc 
aaaaaaaaaa c © o o o:o 

Mpqpadj^WzzpqcQPAX^xxxaxi 

S a a a S S 5 
p-i c 5 ^ M ddfloeooooo 
aaSacaaaaa^cu©!-^©, 

" 0^ rs r* — — ~ C ~ ^ ^ *♦” 1 t4—l ^ 1 c *— 

P ; , t I -“ O O tj L I C+ " H i 1 4 1 i ~3 o i . 

iilH'H a *H ©l^eMV-. ©+-S © © © © ,© 
©©©©©©© 


> a • ■ +h> h-j *- 

. •*“ ©_i i._ U— . 


. a ; a 
. 0.0 

• . -M 
• 0-0 

• !l • © 

:o :q 

©a4 © 

c o a o a 
o o a o a 

© © in © f_i 

xxpqxcq 

2 ad ad 
P £ g ? a 

54 -H ~ ^ 

H-» -M C -♦-) in 

* 4 —« * 4-4 

© © d © +j 


a 

o 


o 

a 3 

© 

a 

a 

M 

d 


a a 
o o 

-u +j 

o o 

S-. !h 

QO 
-Od 3 
© © 
a a 
a a 

S-. © 

czpq 

wd 

22 
c o 

© © 


a 

o 

H-> 

O 

© 

o 

aa 

© 

a 

a 

© 

« 

d 


a a 

0 o 

-© H-> 

o o 
© © 
00 

Xaa 
© © 
a a 
a a 
© © 
MPA 

dd 
2 2 


a 

000 

© © © 



*♦—1 «4-H ^ <— et-H ^ ^ ^ «4—1 «+—1 ^ ^ ^ ^ *4-1 _ _____ _ ^ *4—H d-H *4-H C+-H «id 

OO O OOOO^slOOOOOOOOiOOOOOOwOO 0 to to to 100 

COCO X kOlOHHJt'-tOH-fCICOiC'tHHHHClClHClCI rH Cl Cl Cl dkO 

*UOII«A0|3 

CD CD 

© ©xa^ i’P'Pxa'^aa^ ^xixaaxa ©aaxa ©aaxa a 

•sanipiinqmo 

PT° 

o.c.^^a.oo.^a.^^a.' 0 r - > >> 

•sosnojj 

^©3 

•d-d © aa—rj^.'d’d r d^a , d^ajax_© w 33 xax!a3-a^axi^ 1 — —— T? aa ® 

C/}X M C f) v CD Cfi (Cvh X«h«h X«h ^«h«h!h «♦-(«*—1 »*-t *♦—. w ~ w — c/j ^ _ 

in 

V 

•.lequin^j 

* —‘—' 

OH Cl COHiOOl-CCCOHClWHtOdt-OOCOnClCOb* X OOHdX-* 

XX X OOCOCCC0000000005C505C5C5C5010)0500000 0 c rH H H H H 

H H t- H HHHHHHHHHHHHHriHHHCldCKNCI Cl Cl d Cl Cl Cl d 

H— 4 — * 


































































































4) © ' ©Td'g 
4 jc a .2 > © ° 
eg d 23 eg;^ 
d H -dcg^ 

- 5 §^|a® 

p © p a-* 
O>og® 
© .d t* 

£$ 6 % u $ 

=©*§ 2 ^ 

«3§|s5 

•Eh > 

§ 

O . C O 

‘^p 


■*d 

O'^H 

o 

H 

dJ 


© 

d 


aa 

p'p 


<n 


<D m t" - 
.>2-0 2 . 
g*H d O ® 
2 ®+- eg. 

— o © d 
+s •- -o 
d d-d od o © 
a ,— 1 be © o 

-. Ejs.d 


jj 03 
® £ 
. 2 ® 
53 k p 

d 03 3 ^ 

.2 ®kJ O o 
qrH o 
® O^H 

‘-’o ©22 03 

<1 < «-, ® 

, PhPh d 
^_>Ah O 
•® * -ffi 

-o n hh 

§ © o . 

y+j O.H 

!-§■§ 

<-n k. 


+-» „ □ UJ, Q L>JL 4J 

p 2 o 2 oT-p ^ £ 

is o ti ^ ®d p j ^ 

© Pdn'P © E>r%*ipH © 

£ h+ 3 <y © £PP . £ 

pq pqpq 


© 

a 

-*-* 

d 

u 

23 

03 

•*— 

03 

© 

d 

bl 

>. 

- 4 -J 

«t— 

«d 

CD 

03 

d 

o 

W 

-(j 

03 

d ® i 
© 2 
£2 
© d 
03 g 

02 


i 

d 

o 

© 

© 

r—1 

d> 

eg 

-*-j 

© 

23 

d 

eg 


u 

® 

£ 

© 

03 


H — 

© fe 

03 03 


0.0 

d a 

s .«§ 
ss.s§ 


o 

© ® 
22 

‘ d ' 33 
D-. © 

. S-. 

£ © © 
©dl © 
tdtjfl 


H 53 
23 d 

© § 
2 „*, 


© 


d 2 o d 

-m d a d 
© eg ° c3 
>. © pH © 
H © £ © 

© dC d 
qoto 
PK ffi 


03 

d 

© 

dJ 

<-> 

d 

o 

M 


GO 

00 


lO 


Sd 

*Q 

§2 

<43 


pq 


a 

© 






O 






• « 


• • • 

r 2 

9 * 

dj 

© 

2 

2 


© 

t> 

o 

2 

© 

© 

2 d 

dd 

© 

-M 

H 

© 

d 3 

tx 

d 

o 

d 

c 3 

a 

o 

+j 

d 

• • 

• . 

d • 

© >» 
■2 l - 
© © 

Sh 

I I ^ 

. . <D 

• * +-> 

• A** 1 

23 

d 

O 

O 

•w 

© 

S 

d 

>. 

© 

pq 

>" H 

d 3 

© 

• p-H 

ft 

<—l 

02 

W 

Ph 

P 

o 

Hi 

Ph 

C 

pq 

tt 

6 

H 

2 

K 

o S. 

wd 

o 

4 -» 

X 

•V 3 

M 

^ 2 PP 

d 

© 

23 

H 

02 

vd 

r=^ 

Pn 

w 


<i^ 

2 


pq 

pH 02 


.. • 

o 

pq 


d 

o 

■*-> 

o 

u 

Q 

d 

pq 

W 

a 

o 


© 

© 

© 

© 

t- 


o 

o 

o 

d> 

eg 

-t-> 

4 -> 

© 

d 

o 

H 

H 

© 


lO in 


M CO 



d 

d d d 


d • : d 

o 

-u 

o o o 

<-> -*-> -U) 


c o 

4 — O >0 4 _J 

2 g £ 2 

O 

Sh 

o o o 

*h Ih 

© 

o 

ooo 

*> 

o 2 ^a 

d 

pq 

d d d 

pqpqpq 

"C 

d 

o 

M'S' 2(3 

G O 

W 

wwp 4 

o 

pq a gpq 

3 

a a a 

6 

aasa 

o 

ooo 

. 

coco 

l-i 

Jh u u 

S - 1 

HI H w L| 

< 4-1 

C+-4 tH- e+_^ 

4 -P 4 -J 4 d) 

pq 

e*-H 4— e+_, 4-4 

■H - +J -P 

<D 

OOO) 
<D <D <& 

w 

O O O d 
0/000 

«*-! 

«4_ e*-, 


4 —. 4 — d—i 4 —< 

o 

Cl 

OOO 
»C »C L'- 

O 

o o c o 

iO iO 1 C 1 C 


d d 

o o o o 

o C *- H 
o DOO 
did! . ., 
__, s-. o 

«a wp;: 
a apqpq 

«*ac 

d d « a 

ggoo 

O O o u 

1- S_, 4—< 4—< 
+3 4 J* 
-*->.»-» <£) <£> 
<D © X» O 

<D <D 4-t «4—< 

^^oo 1 
O O O' o 

lO H H rl 


r* 

d o o 
03 O o 

dd2d3 

5 M r ci r cg 

© a a 

© ® 03 

^dd 

§CO 


,d.d.d 03 g.d-d-d ® d3 03 03di © 

® >>Q. 

P.&C. ft~e-d.a ^ p.ftd< 


a 


■Pdi q dj 


'©j Tg 'd'd dl 


323 ' 


^dldlj 'P 

'wfiPfl ffl ®cfi0303 d" 












































































































TABLE III — East Branch of Croton River—( Continued ). 


28 


co 

M 

U 

a 

© 

P? 


> 

■H 

a 

a 


o 

X 

x 

i 

© 
j t£ 
X 03 
©•r 1 


C73 
a © 
a PC 
a «* 
© . 
,®X 


g’e 

+-» co 

£8 

£3 


a 

© 

o 

t*. 

> 

•rH 

a 

ft 

til 

a 

"© 

£ 

73 

X 

a 

cd 

. © 
£ S- 

3 O 


i 

a 

© 


PT 3 
© a 

W+J " 

a C3 03 

CO > 

£ •• % 
a.g 

o ©^ 
2 > o 

H ^ © 
© a' 
X O 


a O « 

Bfl ? 
© — >"■ 

<a © co 
tc a 

a |g 


CD 


©^ s 

■° £x § a ® 

©©o£>§a 
£ © 2 ag 3 o 

O aX o ©a 

d O 


o ' 7373 

•^©ag 
tts i -2 

H £ © 

CO © £ 

73 a o 
.- © © 

/*■*» +2 t*- • • 

Sd'H-S . x x 
J 2 5 a a k> © © 
a g*g P. fl ®« 

a ©^ -j j a a 

g£x®o^ 
g^x r g © br u 

f 3 4 J O C f—4 r-l r? 

o CO <0X1 2 g 

° x o 3 jc a 

s’SSg* 55 

aj^ do © tr£ o 

' t -" a jo § § 

Qj •.—i r t 

© >> © . ©_o_o 

CO 4 -» +_, 

5 ? c 

®.Sf k'O a a 

a ©a © a g g 

coco 


a 


© a 

a g 

• ©X 

2 o rt 

o © . 
a se g ©o *- 


fea 

a i 

a 


X 


d © 


©■ 


tc 


iijs-g 

.a a © a 


a.So' 


x 

o 

o 

a 

x 


o 

© 


CO 

p*. 

© 

-r-4 

ft 


•-a a >> 
co-2 o a 

*?£®.8 . aaaa 
>__^ © a © © © © 
a cd cd ©aaaa 

© o © t,«S-2 a a a a 
- ,• x a © lx a © © © © 

* a a*ol®oooo 

© o ©cca^x’aaaa 
ti^a > , ©— 14 -t x x x x 
cst-h r da » cdaaa 
■pi a tt^a a © © © © 

p © _. <i ©“ © cl -i n m 

g ^3 S hrt£a f c+-+-<-M 4 J 

Cw - ■) CO , -t r-H f-w 

^ ^rE r-\ & O O O O 

® © ©g3 2© ©CQO2C0C/2 „ 

© a C d G 0 -a-i-'-i->-a a a a 
002 


>J~ a 


a 

cd 

• p^ 

.M 
>>—,*2 
a © a 

a ©4J 
a'- 1/3 


a 

is 

o 

H 


a 

© 

a 

o 


CO 

© 

£ 

o 

K 

u 




a 

© 

a 

• r—i 

a 

a 

© 


x 

a 

© 

xl 

+-> 

a 

o 

CO 


© 

© 

CO 

© 


o 

o 


a? 

a 

o 

o 

a 

© 

■a 

P-H 

O 

« 


co 

a 

'© 

Pa 

d 

w 


© 

>»X! ^ 

rz’ a >> 

aQ O 

a ©i 
— 1 


a 

a 


CO 

a 


© 

'a 

rH 


a 

a 

>. 

a 

a 

© 

CO 


tr 

a 

o 

a 

- 4 —» 

CO 


© 

So 

o 

© 

tc 


§ < 
O w 


4 J +J +J -U 

a co co co 

a a a a 
© © © © 
^aj 3 jdx 3 

-t-Cl +J +-> 

a a a a 

o o o o 

CO CO CO CO 


a 

o 

a 


Wt 


a 

© 


a m 
O o 
O f -1 ‘-'Ca O 

Eh a a 
00 “d 
aFaPa ©PM 
a . . © . 

^hHOK 


'sX]& 


•sesjojj 

'SAIOQ 


© 

© 

a 

a 

■4—4 

a 


o o 


CO 


x: 

o 

o 

a 

X 


o 

© 


o 

a 


-a -a 

a 
a 


M 

o 

o 

a 


a 

a a 
a a 
© © 
> a 

O O 


a a 


a 

a 

O 


a 

o 

4-1 

o 

a 

O 

a 

« 

w 

a 

O 


a a^ 
o o o 

p o 2 

P-H S— O 

?°a 

1__ -4—* 

02 ^ 4 -> JV 4 ^ 

"X ©r“ © 

a> a o a 

2 aogo 

Hr|HxH 

a jo a a a 

o g o o o 

S-h O La S-h %-t 

<4-H «*-t «4H «4-< 

+3 +j , 

© © © a 

©a © gj*a 
‘“e^a 0 

ooooia 

CO rH kO tH 


o 

o 

a 

X» 

a 

a 

a 

a 

O 


o 

o 


a 

a 

© 

a 

o 

H 


a 

o 

-*-> 

o 

a 

O 


m 

a 

a 


a 
o 

^ o 
O a 

o o 

a 

X a 

X W 
Id 


a a a a 
o o o o 

a ~ 

o o o o-g 
OOOO P 
a s_; ax 

pqpqpqoq- 

-4-H -4— 3 4_> 4—1 rj 

CO 


a 

o 

■4— > 

o 

t-l 

o 

a 

X 

a 

a 


W a W 


2 a x x xx hXiXi * 
b a cdapcdgoc r g 


o 

« 4 -t 

■M 

<D 

«4-H 

kO 

CN 


a 

c 


©> 

o 


© O 
M Xi 

a a 

cd cd 
X X 
a a 
O O 


£ a a a 

O C O p 
a a © a, 


wdp^ * C ©W 

SxxS 

W XlH 
” ’ "aa a flxj 

® $ cc » J 

o © ©"" © c 5 * -1 
© © © © ©a^ io 

COHHlOiaUUfl 


•aoiVBAGjg; 


• • 

X 

XX xxx l 

co ; 

CO 

: : xxxx x : :x 

•s3nip|inqiuo 


Pr : 

p—4 • 

co 

pv 
b by 
PV 
PV 

s 

dd 

PP 

I I co ! 

• * ^ r/) .>■>>►> O* 

• * ft • ft ft ft ft ft 

'sesnoji 

* 

5 

bs* 

stt 

mt 

a-^atx x3 

«4-H ^ W ^ -4— 

T3 g 

X 

3 a ^73 

io 73 *73 


'ON 


^t-QOOi 

*—< r-H t-H 

# * 







































































































29 


Jh 

•4 

. >> 
© ' 

£ *3 
^ c£ 

iJ a 
«'3 

<D W 
>r3 

^4 o 

° 2 

a a 

+-)r^ 

o_ 

p,cs 

x 3 
Wco 


© 

© 

a 

o 

CO 

"3 

d 

c3 

'd 

a3 

O 

>h 


44 

O 

O 

a 

d 

a 


© 

T3 


■mZ 

O'« 
Oa 
a © 
d © 

* 

®o 2 § 

•—4 ?4 Ch O 

S^sg 

opP d 51 - 1 

C,s3 ga 

og 2 d 

a ©"-• o3 

0 a®r 

do ©? 1 
£ ^ 2 
ce d«M © ^ 
XPQ SpQ 


© 

•P 

b£ 

p O 

d 

cS 


® 
d © 
c3 © 

d'a 

O® 
2 a 
of. 

a cud 

a d 

O O 

© 3 
25 

to ±A 

© o 

a o 

to 3 

o-o 

&— 


d s 
0^2 

©_: 

©33 

d 


d 

o 

d 

©‘ 

© 


O 

a 




&r.a ®—.-d tr- 1 * 

._© ao 

o tt-a ao =* o ° ° 

a h ^(h oi l 

l|^Sgi§s 

a ce a o d d"d 
“ 2 cc 


ce a £au-a; 
„ a > ce of 3 g ce 
-d^oN^g 
^ co xPQx 


d 

© 

a 

tir 

•rH 

PU 


as 

o 

o 

a 

d 

d 

o 

>. 

a 

© 

a 

d 

d 

a 

a 

© 


o 

fa 


+3 +J a a a +J a +3 aaa a aaaaa 

©©©©©©© © X £)) 9J © © © © © © 

ce ce ce <3 ce ce ce eg ce ce ce ei ddddd 

©©©©©©© © ©©© © Ol®©©© 

ddddddd d ddd d ddddd 

4—' 4— 1 4— 1 4—> 4— 1 4—> 4—> 4—3 4__) 4_j 4_i ^_ t 4_) j i 4_j 

ddddddd d ddd d ddddd 

0000000 o 000 o 00000 

CO CC CC CO CO CO CO CO XXX CO CO COCO CO CC 


a 

© 

ci 

© 

d 


o 

CO 


a 

© 

d 

© 

-d 

a 

d 

o 

CO 


a a a a a a 
(/.©©©©© 
d a d d d d 
©©©©©© 
dddddd 

a a a a a a 

d d d d d d 
000000 

CO COX 02 CO CO 


© ©©©©©©©©©©©©©© 

d dddigcSoJdciccjcdddcJ 

© ©®®©®®®©©®©®©© 

d dddddddddddddd 

4—» 4—3 4-4 4-3 44) 4—3 4_4 4-0 4-4 4—> 4—< 4—3 4J 4-J p 

d dddddddddddddd 

o 00000000000000 

X xxxxxxxxxxxxxx 


© 


© 


© 
o 

T3 
r O 

d-- 

fLXO 

WW«i 


> 3 

©d 


a a 
© © 
r——< • < 

o od 
fafa * 

• • l_i 


a 

© 

o 

fa 

fa 


© 

4dai © 

© © cd 

3 s*S 

a a - 
«Wffi 

<3-s!t-s 


£% 
cd O 

ffifa 


x *-iK 


© 


© 


•3 ai 
^a 

dra 

H^5 


d 

d 

d 

£4 

03 

eq 

co 

X* 


d 

pq 

d 


a 

d 

d 

a 

d 

pq 

X 

X 


a^O 
O O 

a 9 
.a 3 ^ 

aa O 4-> 

^o H 

i- s |_ jd 


o 
o 

44 
£ o 

3 o 

Pd3 * 
3-d 3 

<r4 O 

d(v d 

PQ . d 
r/5 O 
OD .O 

Xk^h-^ 


10 CO CO ^ 


COHCOH 


LOO'tCC 

00 rH 


& 


dO CO 


Cl 


o 

CO 


Cl 10 ^ -# 10 


o 

Cl 


CO Cl ^ O Cl 10 

i“H i-H 


CO 


CiCO 
Cl Cl CO 


10 

tr¬ 


ee lO T 
rH r 1 


«o Cl 


O CD 
lO 


<D 

o 

o 

M 


c/) 

O 

^ <D 

■§° 
dj 


gn 

°d 

fl 


CC 

3g«.3 


CC 

a M 
_ a na: a 

ado 0 ®^ 

S~t 1—-1 


tu d 3 da: 


1-4 T 1. ~i 1-4 ri 

3 a o d 3 d 


a 

d 
d 
a 

© ce 


.©-^S^mxooggp; 

-j-^r-KhS 2 o 2 W oH © 2 . 

©02 

Kp^gQpqffia^dSgHsV 




■ CO Cl d 


• O 10 o o 

■ —Cl —H Cl 


CD 


• -ft Cl O 


HHd • Cl CO ^ 


co^cccowo 

rH rH CO CO 


a! • : 
o • W 
o :a! 

a . O 

• O 

ajd^-o 

c* ® 
d ? 0 

d 3 £ 


J-4 !— 

cc cc' 


u 

& 


M 

• o u 
£ 2 "° 


cc 


CC CC 


X?-- 


cc 


aas 

O O c 

a a £ 

«4—I «*—I Cl—t ■ 
4-i^p 
© © © 
© © © 


44 O O > 

,|aa2 

-Q o O o 
— a a 

“pP 

d © © 5 

H © © ‘Jt 

© epi «4—, rO 


> 

o 

O 


© © © d o © d 

ic © ©^P © 
hhoUhhO 


© > 
3 0 
©^ 
a 3 
2 2 


© 

a! 


© 

© 

d 

d 

K 


. - 1 - 3 © 
p © c 
P ©PH 

o '* -1 o 
© © © 
© 10 <M 


©a) j • 

1—1 a O d'-f 
_q a —1 d 

.adless 

w © ©a^f-q 

aaaga 

O O O a O 

'a i- 'a 'a-a ^4 
C+-I C*-H « 4 -H ^ < 4-4 
4JP4J (i; 4 J 

0> a) <D «D © 

•X< Q) C4a ^ 

»o o o »o o 

t- LC O L- lO 


d a 

o o 

4-J 4-* 

o o 
o 0 

Sh in 

« M 

4J 4_4 

CC cc 
^ ce 

pq PQ 

a a 

0 o 

a sh 


© © 
© © 
c-i ©i 


d d • 
00 ,; 

4—) 4a) 2-a 

OOO 
^H S-4 O 

00 a 

ai jd-° 
O o—; 
ddd 

PQ pq 3 
. © 

pq pq d 
p p 3 
3 d y, 
P P PH 

■U -P ® 


a a a 

000 

ppp 

000 

^'hL( 

OOO 

r* rl 

© © 3 

■ dd^ 

•^pqpqW 

2f4^'5 


^ c" 1 - 1 o 

d ilp- 1 © 

£4P g;PH 
^ 4-4 4— 1 


© © d © 

© 1C p © 

a piJ a- 


” © 
- © 


d 

o 

a 

O 

a 

O 

-d 

© 

d 

d 

a 

pq 

a 

© 

c3 

pq 

d 

O 


d 

o 


O 

d) 

© 

d 

d 

a 

PQ 

a 

© 

ce 

pq 

d 

O 


ddd 
000 

4— 4-3 4-J 

OOO 

^4 ^4 ^H Vji • • • k4 

OOOo^^^c^ 
x!d!-d o o O O o o 

pq pq PQ jC->, £ 

mmWq dpi ^Qi 

ddad QQQ d fi 

s a-- a a p « 3 d 

33^o^aa 0 d 

aa^aOoO^O 
aa pa a a aa a 
• • — .aaa .a 
ua-pa . . .a .aaaa” 
aa paaaaaaaaaa^J 

©o h o 1h ' h ' h o' h iooco' w 

©©XHOOSOlCOClOlCOlft 

» n ^ a 10 ism ci 10 a is n t* t- 


d d d d 

0000 

a a a a 
OOOO 

u Jh Sh Lh Sh 

■30000 

odd-dd 

a o 0 © © 

ddddd 

pppPQpq a 

fiwpqpq^ 

a a 3 3^ 

o p c o d 

a a a a o 

«*—< 1 «4H «4-H ^ 


dld3f oodldJ- 


di © © © © .d ©ddid d d) • ^ ©^^ ^ 


rd ©d ©d © ©dddd ©d 


H-l Ip 

dddd a> 
d( d. 

dddd 


tp tp HP ^P tp ^P 

d d >d d ddd 

d- 

d d d d ddd 


© © 




>. tP tP . >. tP 

rO 

> > 

ddd Md 

d 


ddd Odd 

d 

Tj Ti 

-S3 r-H ^ -d 

<4-4 

© 

<4-| <4H *4-4 <r4 

Cl 


>. 

d 


tP !P HP tp tP . t>ltptpHpHpHp£p 
“ddddd Mdddddd 
a ddddd“ddddddd 


ddddd-o p d 
aaaa © «} C a 


© 


a 


C4-4 <4H «*-H <*H «4H <4-4 


0 h ci co ^ in 0 

t- 

X c- 0 

r-4 

d co -♦< m od 

t- 

00 

Oi 

O r4 

Cl CO -H 10 

01 Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl 

Cl 

Cl d CO 

CO 

CO CO CO CO CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

—H -H 

-r -H -H -H 

Cl Cl Cl Cl d Cl d 

Cl 

ddd 

d 

Cl d d d Cl 

d 

d 

d 

Cl d d d d d 


t-oocoH^co^^ct-xco 
H H< H< LO 10 iC LO LO »o in 10 10 c 
CldClClClClClClClClClClClCl 

































































































TABLE III — East Branch of Croton River — ( Continued ). 


30 


cft 

*H 

d 

a 

a> 

Ph 


T 2 

Ui 

c 3 

>, 

i 

Cl 

Ci 

cl 
c n 

a 

• i—i 

d 

Ci 

T 3 

Cil 

O 

o 


a 

B 

02 


24 . 
024 
g ° 

o ° 
-P Cl 

C -P 

oB 

c o 
c 

4 - 3'43 
© 4-1 
© © 
Ci © 

CCH 

g® 
o © 

<4—1 4 J 

> > 
*h S-i 

APh 


c 

a 

i 

a 

c 

c 3 

-P 1 

a 

o 


a 

c 

"a 

a 

go 


a 

£ 

o 

H 


p- i-i+j+j-p+j ri rt rt j 

x 5 cc * cc x x g g y g g 
cS®aaaaa®®®®® 
©£©©©©©®®g®g 


© 


'555'S'a © © © © © 

- - 4 —> 4 —* - 4— 1 4 —> 4 -p Ij a_j 4 _J 1 a 
2 -CJ £ p £ p 

OSOOOOOSicjrfx 

coPhcc^cC'^coPhPhPhP-iP-i 


c 

© 

a 

£ 

o 


© 
cc 

a 

Jc £* 

© o 


73 a 
a 3 


a a 


73,73 

a fl 


abaa^.s-iCic 

Ac 3 ° o±?© a ® 
, 55 Ss«c“K'g 5 == 

s oSga^S.asS 

gfco ^ £« g^QWwW 


•SiHj 

lO 

CO ^ CO CO OJ 

• CO © 

• rH 

•sesaoH 

CO 

H Cl Cl Cl H 

« 

H d H 

•SAiOQ 

© © 

CO rH 

OlOlOCCCOCO^l-© 
HHd Clio 


<X> 

o 

d 

c 3 

4 -> 

Cft 



1000 

, O O O 10 

I IO r—< 1—1 


£P 4 ai ' 
egg : 
o 0 o . 

^ '■ ‘Cxi 
_d o 
2 = ~ o o 
P a a g 9 

m a a£f 

,-; © © a 

^ a a a o 

a 9 a 
a o o c 

7 C C IH *-! 
(_, '43 <43 © 
PPP ® © 
4J © © ®' i -> 

<«—I <X) <X) <*—1 O 
o'H'H o 2 

© © © o - 

MIOK 57 H 


© 

© 

a 

<4-1 

c 

a 

cc 


c 

© 

4 -> 

a 

•rH 

£ 

t>£ 

a 

• —H 

C 

a 

as 

a 

© 


o 

o 


© 

CC 

a 

o 

aa 

1 

bi 

a 

•rH 

as 

c 

a 

o 

PP 


1 

a 

• rH 

a 

c 

a? 


a 5 

a 

o 


o 

£ 


© 

© 


a 

t>» 


© 

© 

cc 


0 a r . 

^ c c 

• 77 © a ei-— __ 

9 ©a: P>>i>>a ^ 

a © ® a a pH® 

^ 73 © 33 Q, *-l 

Op a a P'ea © 

.2” O x cc 

•Jaacaag^ 

S'S’SSS-P 

0 9 s - i aa F ° 9 & 
aasa:il * ®a* 

a £ o 

©00 o 5 p 


■‘pd 

'd © 


^a 

O « 

O t>> w w ^ ri 

cC®ooo^**a 

,_, 1 r~| —1 _x —1 ^ »h H 

I—H © r—< r-H 1—< ^ 

a &0 a a a 2 ->.2 
a a * a a a ° a cc 
02 HjoQOQOQPQO 


pppp 

© a cc cc 

a a a a 
© © © © 
aa-aaaaa 

pppp 

a a a a 
0000 

GGC/202C/2 


4 P 4 -J 4-3 4-3 

CC 

a 
© 

-a 


cc cc cc 9 9 
a a a ® o 

©® ©2® 
aa.aaa © © 

Ppp+jp 

a a 3 -C 4 -* 
o o o a a 
CGOJGCP-iPh 


4-1 4 P 4-3 4 - 3-43 

cc cc a cc co 

a a a a a 
® ® © © © 
aaaaaaaaaa 

4- 4-3 4 P 4-3 4 -> 

a a a a a 
00000 
0202020202 


X 

a 

© 

-a 

43 

a 

o 

GO 


H 

GO 

00 


Is 

rO 


<© 

o 


CD 

- c 3 
ti£ • * 

2 a © ® 

O OC 3 

a^ 

rh 5 ^ 3 © 

° PPC 9 

K ’ C . . 

£AWH 


a 


© 

a a 
a a o 

SS°£ 

a © © © w 
•a >■ 

6cccc|2 


t- 

<D 

4 -> 

Cft 

© 


'O 

a ; c 
a • o 
—1 • a ® 

> • c o 
c a co a 9 

® §WJSmjS 

W S^caaoD 
cd AA<lPc<i 


CO 01 

• HO 

20 

. 0 


© 

HlOOdd 

rH 


rH rH 

• Cl 

• • 

• d 

. rH 

CO 

d CO CO d kO 


H H H 1C 

• 00 

• © 

• © 

© 

© 10 ic © 10 



(N 

• d 

• d 

• CO 

CO 

rH d d d 



0000 
0000 
c c c c 

a a a a 

P43PP 

4-3 4 _i 4-3 4 -> 
© © © © 
a a a a 
0000 

ahhh 


24 

o 

o 


a 

2 p£ 


d d 
d d 


©■a 

d) ^ OP 
c*-, " 1 S)Vh o 

© o 

© © 1 A - 

lO r— »—I 


000 
000 

C C C 

aaa 

aaa 

000 

e c c 

C 4 —1 e*—, 
4-3 4-3 -M 

© © © 
OP © © 

^ «*— C4-HO—I 

10 © 10 © 

rH LO Cl lO 


Cfi 

a 

eft 

a 

o 

c 

«41 

4-3 

© 

© 


oK 

a. 

ST® 

© O 

0-33 

da 

a p 

O C 
e«t-i 
e * — * 4-3 

43 © 
© © 
®<43 

*-© 
O © 
lO CO 


r O 

a 

o 

a, 

as 

a 


Pxd 
o 
o 

c 
& 

a . . 
cc a a a o 

-3 o o o o 

a pp.c.2 

O — — _, X 2 

ci a a a— 
©I^|e 5 i ^5 a 

© C c c S 

^ a a a ” 
© © © © a 


•UOITBAQia; 

a. "9 ; ® x-a ® x-a x-a-9 

K*“ 

sSnipnnqinO 

^jD-QX 2 -QP 2 42£a5-Q 

•s^snoH 

,d ,d ^-d dl-d .d Jd r-^ ^3 

«4H«4H <H«H 

•aequin^ 

HdCO^ifi©hOOClOHCl 
©©©©©©©©©t-t-t- 
C^ddC^dddddddd 
*+— *t— 


-a ©aa - ^ cc cc ; co ®aa -a cc cc-a ©,a & 


b by 
b by 
b by 
b by 

b by 
pv 
b by 
pv 
b by 

b by 

b by 
b by 
b by 
b by 
b by 

pvs 

rd-a i-d 

H «+—1 ««*H 


Cft 

caa aa aaaaaaaaaa d 

^ < 4 -H c*-( (h 1 h<H<HH 

© 


CO © CO 

© 

© ^ d CO CO 

'H 

kO © t- 00 © 

© 

t* t* t* l> 

r- 

00 CO OC CO 00 

GO 

00 00 0C X CO 

© 

d d d d 

CX 

d d C^ d d 

Cl 

d d d d d 

d 



H— 

H— *t— 

































































































31 


S-4 

d 

>> 

d 

*-4 

d 


CO 

d 

•rH 

ci 

a 

13 

O 

O 

O 

ffl 


44 

O 

O 

a 

o 

«t-H 

o 

44 

a 

a 

42 

a 

o 

a 

a 

ft 

■ 

to 


'a 

a 

a 


a 

t> 

>» 

►> 

•rH 

tH 

PM 


44 

O 

O 

a 

42 


a 

* 

a 

a 

> 

o 

-a 

"a 

a 

> 

>• 

> 

•rH 

a 

PM 


O 

a 

o 

a 


a 

13 

•rH 

CO 

<D 

’53 

o 

a 

ft 

o 

d 

o 

a 

Sh 

d 

m 


• <X> 

M > 
Ot 1 
o ^ 

*n cl 
,073 

•rH 

S&: 

c—, 
a a 
> 
-H © 

a—. 

«2a 

kO ® 
<M .» 

►.>■ 
> a 

a^ 

ftO 

-M 

* *rH 

Sh ^ 

a 13 

Jh^h 

OPh 


I 

o 

ft 

ft 

o 

a 

o 

a 

a 

a 

42 

* 

a 

a 

•rH 

a 

a . 

S.'S 

o2 

o° 
a ® 
4212 

o ® 

S'*- 1 

a » 

PQ 


44 
O 
O 
a 
42 
>■ ( 

*d' 

a 

a 


a tx 

rj 

■h ° 
a a 
®0 

£§ 

lo 


aa 

P5gg 


a 


a 

• rH 

a 

tUD 

13 

a 

a 

a 

a 

13 

•rH 

o 


44 

O 

O 

a 

42 

O 

-a 

13 

a 

a 

>» 

i 

a 

a 

a 

42 


o 

•rr 


a 

a 

GO 


+)+jp+J-P+J4J*J-P*-P*)*jtUJV-|J+J 

aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 

aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 

aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 

43 43 43 43 42 43 43 43 43 43 43 42 43 4= 43 43 43 43 

+JV+JP+J-PP+J4--P+4-*--P-P4-'P4-'4-' 

aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 

oooocoocoooocooooo 

COCOGCGOGOGOGCC/2GCGCCZ2GOGCCOGOGOGOCO 



<M 5S O X <M • CD H 


HINMfl 


rH O CO O rH 
Ol <M Ci 



' 00 • iM 


' OS 50 


WCIHOCkHMlOW 


OC1CIOOCOOJ5 
<M « Cl H H< IS CO 


O o O C 
O O O C 
a a a a 
42 42 O 42, 

aaaa 

o o o c 

aaaa 

IH *TH «H <»- ’ 
4S+S+J+J 

a a © a 
a a © a 

«♦—i «♦-. «4—( <*— 

o o o o 
miociko 

HrHHCJ 


aa 


3l3l3l3o 
o a p a 0 
ftcco^ 

ft ft ft 42 

o p-poop: 

eg a a a a 

o a 

a - _ _ * 
psasn 
icccc 

i- s- s- C 

C*—* c*H «4 -h S_ 
D I -. | s ) -> 

® © © a -a 
a a a a 

CS-’rir a 

©©©©'*’“ 
r C O O O 

rH d Cl » Hi 


13 

a 

o 

ft 

a 

H-> 

.if 

t&i 


14 44 4444 
O O C C 

o o o c 

« r- rH ?H 

42 42 4242 


•42 O O 

_ Sh 

—h **— ««-h 

a ©+J 

a- a 

cc gsg, 

a T © 
O^tS 


COCO 

t- S- 'rn Sh 


O <D <D <X> 
<D O O 0) 

«*—< «+— «4-H C+-, 

o o o o 
o o o o 

H rH CO iC 


00 

oo 


oo 


rO 

r—> 

I 

o 


95S39g5saaaaaac; 

oooooooooococoo 

cccctcco©c/3a©cotccca}©cct/3 

©aaaaaaaaaaaaaa 

+T? *"* H” 1 4H -4—> -4—i -4— -4-J 4«j -i i j_j _i j ij i ■ 

•+J4-'4JfJ-P-P+J-PH'4J+JiJ V 4J+j 

cc eg d p8 d d « d d d d d d d d 


a aacaaaaaaaa 

o coocooooooo 

<» cca3©®tc©®a:cc©M 

Sh 4i^trt-^!HtrfHtr-_SH 

a aaaaaaaaaaa 

-4—2 4m 4_) 4_j 4_j 4_j 4_j 4_j 

4H +l+J+J*J4J+J+J-H-p.p*J 

a aaaaaaaaaaa 


PHPHfMPHPMPHftP^pHfMPHPaPH^PH PM PM PM PM ft ft Ph (in PM ft P4 


fn 

CC © 

' at a 
-a © 


44 
a 

y.*r ^ 

CO CO (X)-M^ 

. r- o c a M 7P a-P2-S a^ 2 
Ph a *- — «►>’ a a a ao^ ► 

fec:: 


® ®.s.9 


•13 tr 

OO 

. . trl-H- ■ - - r-n p 


a 
w 
13 
0 


a a 
cc cc 

® p a 

c o 


. -4-> 

'^43 

r.oi^'r'u • a v r . 
5 a .g 43 43 - a © ! 
a h aftft a-r o , 
o a a"g"3^ aW ' 
®r?r a5 . C 


r h a a ©alia 
^ W^*>5odocHPQd: 


io 

| j 

Cl ^ 

• ^ CO ^ • 

• 10 

: : : 

CO 

Cl 

• CO CO • 

• 

• CO Cl CO 

rH 

• tH 

rH Cl 

• Cl Cl ^ • 

• Cl 

• Cl • 

; 

r—* 

• Cl Cl • 

• CO 

• Cl • • 


• t- 

1 C 0 

• O O CO • 

• 1C 

• rfi • 

CO 

CO 

• o o ’ 


• O H Cl 

rH 


CO 

• Cl rH • 

• rH 

• i-H • 



• CO rH • 

• rH 

• rH 

• 

1 d 

a a a a a-a 4 

d d 

4444 44 

44 

444444 44444444 

-.4444 • 


o p o o o o'o£ 5 poo 

42 8 £ 

Sh42qq 

a in . a a a 
44 a Sh i-44 44 44 
a44pqc: 
a cc . . 
3=WS 

ssss !il! 


..vrOOOOOO 

4Khh+j-phh 

OOOOOOOC 

OOS-S-LirClh 

Sh 4000000 

4=42 ...._. ^ 

a44pqc: a a a 

^ d CC r-j hj 

£ £ H H H d H W 3 = H S OCO 

cc cc “■ 

a a S 

£pooooco_ w .- 

OOtHlntrSHS-SnSH “Sh 
> SH i tHtr-=HHtr-'r-«<—'*H'r-4i c *r 

1 *h a -*h +j 

i a -h a a 
- - © a 


£ £ £ 
o o o 

L Ch L 


““+S*J4J+J+J+S, 

H-H-saaaaaa 

aa©©©©©a 

© © <tn tr- <r- tr- «— < 

C ^‘* _l c ©OOCCO 

© o © c © c © c 

U3 IS d Cl Id Cl Cl IS 


•uu-p 
a a a 
a a a 


© a © © © ® © 

© r, © © © © © 
CsUdOOCldCl 


O 

O 

Sh 

42 

a 

a 

44 


O' 


ooooopooo obS 
aaaaaaacaax 
42424242424242 a 42 42 g 
a a a a a a a-P a a,o 
aaaaaaaaaa 
44 44 44 44 44 44 44 a 44 44-^ 
c^aojecaa-^cean 
asaasaaaaag 
OOOOOOO - OO cc 

aaaiasaSsfig 

COOOCOOcOOO 

1. L L 1h ^ 1-IhLh 

< 4 —«4—<^HC4_(C^«HHe+-.J^ft-(eHH«*-H 

+J4J+J+J4J4J-P C ' -4-2 ■*—* 

<X) <D«0) 0010)0)^0)0)^ 
DcDacDoa^aij^aioo 

OOOOOOO a o o o 
OOOOkCiOO^OOiO 
CJ 1C W H H ClU I> H 


aa434343-a434343,43rb C/.4343 *43 * 4343 

434343434343434343 

:'^434343 

43 430043**43 :009 

. K* 

J>i r^K^. ^ k !>i h>> p*i 

4242424242 >4242 > p42'42424242424242 

42424242.0 & oo '"‘oooooooo 

O >000 >000 

O ^OOO ^OOO 

>>• >> . 
OrO >0 p; 
0 ^0 "* 

b by 

pv 
pv 
h by 
b by 
pv 
pv 
b by 

b by 
b by 
b by 

43434343~-r-H4343r-Hrr-43434343042434a 

>HlHlH<H “ '“CTHtTH W H ^ ^ tn <H =H <H 

• 

43 'p 43 4a 4313 43 43 43 +-> !43l3 r a" : 3 

«rHCC'*H5t-i«rH©<r-er-i'M* • «-H ftH-1 * 

O —13430^00 2000 

Mh W C/l C4—. C*-H CC CC ft-H Chhh 


H^W’tUOC^COOOHClM^lOCDhX 

000000000000000000 

CJCIC^CJCIC^^C^CJCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 

•4— 


OOi-^«^lOOt-XOOHC)W 

O r-H »-H 1 — «-h »—• »-H 1—t H O C"! 

cocococo-^cocococococococococo 


WCDt-XOOH(NCO^m 

(MiMcic^cicoeoeceococo 

cococococococococococo 














































































































TABLE III — East Branch of Croton River— ( Continued ). 


32 


© 

p 

q 

d 

a 

© 

PH 


d 

a 

CO 

a 

o 

'rl 


O 

o . 

P U 
—■ d 

r2 >> 

d i 

a a 

a^ 

o CO 

q d 

<4-4 

-4—- 

0 

£o 

*p 

£pp 


P 

o 

o 

?H 

P 


o 

q 

-M 

© 

© 

CfH 

d 

© 

+H 


d 

i 

d 

q 

d 

PP 


d 

£ 

o 


ddddd d ddddddddd 

ooooo o ooooooooo 

CO CO 02 CO CO CO (GCGCGCOCGCGCGCOCG 

rH Sh Sh Sh Sh 

<x> <x> <x> <x> <x> © ©©©©©©©©© 

-4— 1 4-J -P-P-M 4-J 4-J 4-;4J4J4J4J 4_J 4_J -4_J 

4P4J-P-M+-' 4-J +J-Pp4J-p+J4j-P-t- 

ddddd d ddddddddd 
PhPhPJPhPh Ph Ph( ftP hPhPhPhPhPhPh 


q 

© 

d 

£ 

O 


© 

d 

© © 

©tf 


©-£ 
_ hiP 

© d.^f 

T3*- 


d 

d 


.a Sfe ► & b 


> 

d 

w 


W w - © 

£2 d 1- ^ ^ 

£-3 ®p a • 

OGGG^PP O EH 
.... © . 
OEhQWO Ph 


Sh CO 

® a d 

a® © 

”3 ©2* 


CO 

tu 

d 


d 52 ©-ft jPP a cj-— 

gEHScS'S^ © © d 


•said: 


•S9SJ0JJ 


•SAVOQ 


© 

o 

d 
•«> 
4-J 

CO 

•f—t 

A 


'CO lO CD lO CO -CO © 


Cl CO t- CO CO CO CO CO -H* 


lO© O © © © © lO CO 
(N hH CO m -H CH •** r* 


: d 

PPPP ® 
OOOOo 
o o o o lh 
q q q qrn 
ppppH 

d d d d q 

aaaa« 

CO CO CO CO ' 

a a a a^ 

OOOOd 
s-i i-i u u « 

CfH «4_| V_, Q 
4-J 4-i 4-J +J ^ 
© © © ©^ 
© © © © 4J 

<♦-< <4— <4-1 <4-1 

vo o o o o 

<M VO VO VO O 
H I—I T—I H VO 


d 

o 

H-> 

o 

(H 

o 

p 

© 

c 

PP 

W 

a 

o 


d a 

§3 
p g 


5° 

p © 

as 


o 

Sh 

O 
©3 

^ O 

g 

rjPftcHP 

^a^aa 

gg=gg 

C+-I 4 J d ^4J 
^<4-4 S«+H 0 
«H O C 

^ O © <4-4 

g o p c* 

GO 


J4 * 

O 

O O o o 
O O *“i 
£> 'X 

r Zs ris ^ 
0 C3 cu 0 
d rt 0 P 
CO d d CO 
. CO CO _ 


~,/-V ■ - O 
-Hdd rH O 


O g g O 

*-H O O J—| 

«^4 t-j Lh 4-4 

Si 4-3 4-J © 

© © © <0 
<4-4 © © «4—. 

O O VO O 

ph O t> d 


00 

00 


o 

C4 

d. 

c© 

rC 

<© 

d 


d d 

b a 

d 

f3 

*r © 

P4 -M 
d © 
d P 
o d< 

M 

d ® 

o.. 

a © 

1 K* © 

- m « 
•» O O 

d-d rH 
d „ Ch 

-p a ° 

d ^ 

5 a 4 

, r O ® 


r —1 1 

d.! 

; 


© JH « 

> a n 


1 

d 

•rH 

d • 

Sh> 

hPm 

© © 

© +H 

d d 
'HHCd 
fnPP 
d ». 
p-d 

•r © 

O H-> 

© © 

fl® 

o © 

•d © 

d • • 

ft®b 

££2 

.r *H © 

d o d 
o-d*" 

cc 

© 1— 1 d 
© © © 

d © 
Ph O 


1 

d 

Jh 

d 

P 

a 

o 

Lh 


d 

u 

d3 

'd 

a 

GC 



d d d 

000 
© © © 

q ?h sh 

© © © 

-H +J H> 

+j h> -u 

d d d 

(ft Ph Ph 


D. 

q 

o 

P 

Eh 


© 

d 

q 

d 

<5 


0 0 

0 

00 

CJ 

© © 

CO 

CO CO 

CO 

© © 

© 

PP 

p 

0 0 

O 

4-J 4-J 

4-J 

d d 

d 

PiP 

Q 


000 • • • • 
ooq : : : : 

© © © d d d d 
© © © 0000 
© © © © © © © 
•drdP q q q q 

00 © © © © © 

TI TI \Z 4^ 4-J 4-J 4-J 

S d d q eS d d 
fipftpHpHPnfft 


© © 

© © 

a a © 

© 


a 

CO © q 

pc© a at®®^ 

d . . o o M 32 s 

KWH jxj K H ccWo 

*-5l-4l-P l-s l-oSl-spPpP^O 


CO 

a d 

© 


© 

CO 


0 

0 

0 



• 

HH> 

O 

Lh 

H-> 

O 

q 

HH) 

O 

q 


M 

O 

M 

O 

O 

O 

O 


O 

q 

O 

P 

P 

P 

P . 

P 


© 

© 

© 

p-d_, 

r—l 

d 

PP 

d 

PP 

d 

PP 

° 2o3 

q p d 

p a a 

cc 

a 

W 

a 

p4 

a 

(ft 

a 


CO 

O 

CO 

g 

0 

0 

q 

0 

q 

0 

q 

«4—I 

•h —1 q^H 

•q | ‘ M d 

«P4 

«*-i 

P 

=M 

P 

4-J 

0 -4-J _s 

© ® s 

«4-4 Cj ^ 

4-J 

<s> 

<v 

«4-H 

«HH 

O 


d 


IO 

Cl 

© 

w 

O 

O 

O O 

r-H VO 

O 

0 

VO 


• CO 




© 


pp 
O O 

o o 

q q 

PP 

aa 

O C 

q q 


• P o Op 

• P o O P 

• O q q O 
' Hon q 

|1 

** 0 

^ 3 CO CO 

ga^ai 

o 5 o o » 

P JL< 


c3 

a 

CO 


4-J 4-J 

<L (X> 
(D <D 

«4-H «4-H 

O O 
VO TJ1 


o 

q 

4hHH jj+j 5 *-! 

©-HH © © -M 

© ® © © © 
*— <X> e*_ — 1 © 

o'^oo'*- 1 

VO VO O O O 

rH Cl H 1-1 IQ 


’UOTJUAGJJJ 

p-a-a-ap -a pppp ©pppp : 05 ^ 

^ K* K*' K - 

p 

£fff®ddd 

•sauipimq^no 

^pppp p pppppp £ >;p 0 > 

G PPPP p ,QPPPPp aa p ft 


b by 

b by 

pv 

b 

b by 
b by 
PV 
pv 
b by 

•sosnofj 

* 

'PPPPP P PdPPpPrHrid rrH _( 

C/h CH «H 5H «+-» C4H4-.«+HftH , 4-4 C ^ ) WW «4-4 ^ ^ 

as© 5 'p^ss^^s 

•jequinj^ 

^5 ^ 55 2 2222iS22^l 222S ^ 00 «^vo 0 t- co 0 0 h <n 0 

p ft 15 iJi^rSr 5 i 3 Jz^ifr 5 J 2 52 *>ovo 10 voiovooocoo 

cococococococococococococococo CO CO CO • CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 



































































































33 


7373 
S-I (-> 

d d 

1 1 o 

d a § 
nag 
d d_g 
•££2-° 

m x a 
ado 

d d<4-( 

'O-5'S 

aa£ 

cd cd p>» 

<D <D -*-> 

d-. d-. *h 

4-> 4-> ,r -* 

C fl (Jlr3 
t | 4-> 

aaS 

02 02 PD 


© 

•rp 

dr 

O 


d 

d 

£2 


o 

®§ 

© d 
© o 

d_ 

© d 

© ' 

•h 73 
~ C/} 

P d 
£d 


«-4 <44 

o o 


© 

73 

•rH 

© 

© 
+-i 
• fH 
© 
O 
ft 

a 

o 

d 

o 

73 

d 

a 

>» 

i 

d 

c 

d 

£2 


© 

73 

•rH 


© 

o 

ft 

ft 

o 

d 

o 


d 

i 

d 

c 

d 

£2 


73 

c 

o 3 

Ph 


a 

rd 

a 

o 

c 


© 

© 


<d 

d 

•rH 

d 


73 73 

d d ±! 
d_; d :^ 5 

d d d d^ 
COCO® 
d c d c d 

m w co 


o 
o 

- . c 

© d£2 

® ® a 


© 

73 


73 £3 

d tx 

*2 

dr 

rH ^ 

C3 03 . 

n p£j 
M o 


73^0 ® ^ 


So-P *2 C ®-° 


- C _, 

•■iO o 
«P I c 
o d< 
ft n 

.'S'® ® d' 

G'2* ? T' S o c ' 3 

1 © d a © c ^ 
© ® 53 C.t2^ I 
5 d cc-o c 
r ^73'0^-C3 0®S3 

gi^s a 

d fe'g't! g~ P 


d' 

o 


73 

a~ 


c d > rt «M g.s c 
d£3^.2 ^ ° 

S.S^£d 

73 9 c-d 9 d o d 
d ° d^rrt >^+232 
d -xgD 73 c d^ 

* 03 r—H W £>r—H 

g|gad^®d 

d c 73 CO d £2 © d 
« PP CO CO 


a 

o 

c 


© 

© 

<4-1 

d 

© 


© 

d 

o 

tx 

£ 

o 

d 


73 

© 

© 

<♦-1 

73 

d 

d 

4-1 

w 

‘c 

o 


m 

© 

© 

>> • r_l 

o .a 

c-« ® 
c o 9 
50& 

a^-g 

occ d 
<S ® P 

© ©22 

<a d^ 

So 


© 

> 

cd 

© 


c>— 

■ _, > d 

*rH rH 

COP-ICO 


d d d d d 
o o o o o 

tf) CO 03 Cfi CZ3 

X X X X X 
^j+j+j+j-p 
ppppp 
oS 73 7w t 3 o3 

P-iPHPHPhPh 


d ddddddddd 
o ooooooooo 
© ©©©©©©©©© 
c ccccccccc 
© ©©©©©©©©© 
-4-1 +JU4JP4JPPPP 
-C -4-4 -4-1 -pi -4-4 +-> -C +-i d 4-1 

d ddddddddd 

Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph PM Ph Ph Ph 


73 

O 

O 

© © 

d ® 


© 

© 

hC 

w 


73 

d 

© . 

» • d 
d • o 

g d C; c £ • 

tx2 d 
• d © d © 
k: ©PpCOPPM 

~ #—i 

C^SPPQHW 


cc 

d ® 

ga 

fe’d 


<M <» « 


© o © 

O CO H 


Cl 


^d 


'MM • 
loo^ 

o O P 
) c C O 
'Od 1-1 

da® 

aa a 


• CO ^ ^ T* ^ 


dOdCO^dCOClCO 


(Mlfll00»00 
H 70 Cl CC H Cl 


a 

Cfl 

aaaa 


CO CO 


co 


o o 3 

c c O 

«*-« ^«h«h in 

p)^ ^4-1^ 

+-* © <D ^ 

0 ® (X) D © 

*Hr <I)<PH <D 

o'** 1 © o'* -1 
© © © © © 
f) LO H H K3 


PJ 

o 

o 

c 

£J 


d 

a 

co 

a 

o 

rH .—i . . 

«PH <Ph«^H 

H-J 

<D 

<X> 

epH 

O 
kO 


: a : d 

. o . o 

MM oOOOlOl 
O O o o o Orj On 
O O HH ?H ?H W Jh W 

C3 Cw o3 CC ci 

ggsaaase^: 

d d cc © © ©H 33—^ 

d a a a a a^ a^ 

®doooodod 

ppccccpc® 

r-l rH «PH «PH <PH «PH O 'PH O 

-M-C © © © ©^ ©^ 

©®©©®®p®p 

O O <4-H epH «PH «PH ft-H 'PP 'pH 

'* -|t * -l ©o©©©©© 

©©10©©©©40© 

la in 1— l©©©<N<C-4tl 


P£3 © © © © © © 02p£dg££ 


££££ © 

PPP 


© 


P P pFj pF» E>i ^4 P P 

£2 £2 ,£> £ 2 -Q £2 £2 £2 £2 

ift P PPP£2£2P£2 


Pd3£3-c<d ® 

(«_, ft—, ft_H W 

o 


^icot^co Ci OHClCO-fiOCDL-CO 
o c c o o o l- t» l-- t- t» t> t’ i> t-* 
CO 70 co op 79 CO CO C9 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 


•7H 

00 

GO 


2M 

ft 

s 

lO 

s 

<i3 

<43 


dd dddd d d ddddddddddddddd 
o o o oo o o o oo o oooocooooooo 

© © © ©© © © © ©© © ©©©©©©©©©©©© 

cc cccc c c cc c cccccccccccc 

© © © ©® © © © ©© © ®®®®©©©®®©©® 

*-> -*-> +-> -4—1 -4-4 +j -4-44 +-I +J+-4 -4-> 4J +J+-s-4-4-4--C-C-4-1-4->-C-4-1 4-> 

-4—4 -4-4 4-4 444 4-4 4-4 441 4-4 444 4-4 4-> 441 44 44 4-1 4-4 4-4 4-4 4-4 4-4 444 4-1 4-4 

d dd d d d dd d dddddddddddd 

Ph PhP-I Ph Ph Ph PhP-I Ph P-ipHpnP^P-lPHPHP-lPrP-lP-lPH 


d 

Ph 


© 


d 

PH 


73 
c c 
d d 
22 tuc 
d © 
DP OD 

3s 


c 

© 

c 

d 


d d 
-d-d 
o o 

HjHs 

> P 


© 

c 

© 


o 

. © © Ph 

*-< fH . 


F^ 

O 

© 

Ph 

PP 

fi 


73 

^£j 

w 

d 


c 

© d 
d o 
c © 
d d 

HJ 1- * 

. * ^H 


d a 

O O co 

f,-; • CO CO h r- 

.di-d d a.S d 

Sh P-»-rH.rH Q 

d &d d S’S O O 


<X) P«o Oh 

Ph g ® . ® « god 

02 ^(H^wS^ppHOdH © 
• •. * . . . - . ^ 


Ph 










. 




. . 




CO 

CO 

CO 



kO 

. 

CO 

• Cl 


• kO CO • 

• kO co 00 

• Cl 


Cl 

Cl 

Cl 

^ . 

Cl 


Cl 

ZD 

• CO 

ID 

• Cl Cl rH 

• CO ^ ZD 

• r-H 


iO 

kO 

Cl 

kO • 

o 

kO 

o 

\o 

• o 

kO 

• O O CO 

• © o o 

• co 


Cl 

rH 

1—1 

^ • 

CO 

CO 

co 

Cl 

• CO 

Cl 

• CO T-H 

• Cl CO © 



-X 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• • 

• • 

:o 





• • 

• • 

• • 

• • 


d : • : 




o 



• 6 







O • • • 




o 



• dn 





• 


x • • • 




dH 



• o 





• • 


H - ’ " 




£! 









KP-O M M 


* M 



p 

p 

^32 



P4 

o 

o 


•rH 

M 

O 

o 

o 

o a 

05 

O 

O 

d 

dn 

h a 

dH 

O 

dH 

£2 

p 

£2 © 

73 

dH 

£5 

a 

<-• 

d 

aa 

a 

d 

a 

o 

o 

o o 

o 

PH 

o 

dH 

dH 

U dn 

dH 

O 

dn 

«PH 

ft-H 

6*h«PH 

ft-H 

dn 

ft-H 

P-> 


H-» 4-> 

H-» 

ft-H 

H-» 

© 

© 

© © 

© 

H-> 

© 

© 

© 

© © 

© 

X 

© 

ft—i 

ft-H 

ft-H ft-t 

ft-H 

© 

ftH 

© 

© 

© © 

© 

ft-H 

© 

© 

© 

© © 

© 

© 

© 

i-H 

i-H 

ci d 

d 

kO 

CO 

CO 

£1 

pFd 

-d 

H2 

CO 


o.a 

2g 

— 73 

ga 

c ? 


© © 
40 Ift 


O 

O 

c 

£2 

a 

o 

c 

<i-i 

4-4 

© 

© 

V-l 

© 

© 

Ift 


C -3 O O 

£ d g P 
£2 a £2 £2 

-I © 


. .OO 0-9 0<9 
OGoonOoO 
OO^siOSrO 

d^aaggsaadSd 
E^2EooS2Eo2o 

ft—I > ^ ft-, ft-. S-4 t-. «PH «PH C^H t-«TH ftn 
1—1 e 


a ^ -*- 1 


a> 


CD (D 


X X<PH«PH«PH X •*“( X 


O ClOO OOO O 

O^H.k0OOi0OX'OOOO 

CO^COCOkOdHlOrHiOCOkO 


d3P £5 £5 Idddddddddd 




P 

p>> 

tH 

>4 


>4 



• 0. >. >. 
•jo 


£2 

fQ 

f® 

pp 

£2 

£2 

£2 

£2 © 

rO 

rO 

: tr- 

£2 

£2 

£2 

pp 

fO 

£2 

fO 

£2 

£2 

£2 

•-Q£2£> 

P3P3£2£;£2 


© 


d3 £3Jd P 


ft-t 

ft-H 

ft-H 

ftp ftp 

ftp 

ft-. 

ftp 

ftp 

ftp 


© 


d CO 


kO 

© 

00 

© 


CO 

00 

00 CO 

GO 

CO 

00 

00 CO 

CC' 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO CO 

CO 

CO 

H— 

CO 

H— 

CO CO 

CO 

H— 


5 


o — ftiTr-Hikft©^© ©©•-< 
© © © 05 C-. © © © © © © © 

cococfteococoeococfteo-H<'H< 


















































































































TABLE III — East Branch of Croton Biver—( Continued). 


34 


tfl 

Ph 

a 

© 

Ph 


34 

o 

o 

fa 

S3 


34 

a 

d 

d 3 


© 


d 3 

© 

•rH 

d 3 

£ 


©' 
© 
ai 
«*-( 
fa 

d 

cc 


o 

o 


d 

c 


a 


© 


Pf* 
O O 


■ 0 x 3 

fa fa 
ei d 

d d 
fa fa 
d d 


W . rj 

g t -MS 

±3 ci34 O-m 
73 hOOti 

I o faX 2 
2 .? 2- 2 
chj OOJ 

*g^||^2oSS 

J_, ^ d C S 7,0 p.rH — 

S^o^oo-ogg 
. >B °p-£ Stef'S a'V'V 

br°©.2 p«£ 8-S-j p-g-g 

h^<D 'H ^no © fa © © 

— P fa * d O o o 

'g d £ © fa p-g © d-^ ^ *" 
2 P '3 &xap © £ a <vS3S3 

d© fa,-, t^«Ph 2.2 ©_h_ 
fc- . 3 > r ddr' + ^^ 7 ^^dd 

5 ^-C s g-c^ 0-0 © s a 

in Ph gcPPH EHceao 


d 

£ 

o 

Eh 


d d 

o o 

© cc 
fa fa 
© © 
H-> -M 
-u -t-> 

d d 
Ph Ph 


d 

o 

CD 

fa 

© 


d d d 

o o o 

cc CD cc 

H H H 
© © © 


d 

o 

CO 

fa 

© 


-M +J ^ +J -*_l 

d d d d d 
Ph PhPhPh Ph 


d d d 

o o o 

cc © © 

Ph pH Ph 

<D <V <X> 

+H H-> - 4 -» 
-H - 4 -> 4 -» 

ci Cw c 3 
PhPhPh 


fa 

© 

d 

2 

O 


d 

o 

© 

d 

•f-H 

d2 

O 

PP 


X3 

d 


d 

w 


•ssrj © 


•sos.ioH 


O <M 


•smoq 


© 

© 

d 

d 

*-> 

© 


fa 

© 

&§| 

© O.J 

PhOW 

►g^O 


fa 

t» • ® 

(-4 

© f- 1 s-P 

o-d^cv 

OOp . 

OC CCpHpP 

. *r . .* 


d5 


44 

Sj4M 

34 

O 

34 © O 

O 

O 

o 

C 

goo 

o 


o 

o 

O fa fa 

fa 

B 

Sh 

BB 

Ph 

BB 


dJ 

a 

1 £ 

d 

© a a 

a 

o 


C 

goo 

o 

Sh 

O 

o 

C fa fa 

Pi 

«HH 

Ph 

*— 

Pj <4—1 <4-H 

tf—. 

H— 1 

<4-r 

<*—( 

^ 4-> -4-» 

4H 

<D 

4-> 

4-> 

4H (X) O 

© 

<D 

<D 

0) 

<X <x> <D 

© 


D 

(X> 

Q e *~ <*-H 

<^H 

o 

<4-1 

<4-H 

^OO 

O 

lO 

o 

o 

© c o 

© 

i-H 

kO 

lO 

1C r-H 04 

t-H 


•nor^A0ia ^ © 


»,d >: 


© 


■ CO 


-+i 

00 

00 


CO 

CM 

Sfa 

£ 

fa> 

§ 

<53 

<53 

<53 


^ 04 CO 


o o o 

CO 04 <M 


C O 

o o 

u u. 


^ sJ G 
cOO 

Cc 


p- u 


^ <x> o 

P- c o> 

^ « 4 — « 4 —( 

<£ o o 
^oo 

CO CO 


*AJ=\ 


8^nip|inq^no 


t >4 t >4 

P 3 Xi 
S3 S3 


^ kO 

S3 >£> 
ft P2^ 


•sosnou 


S3 S3 


M d^'P. 

© w-. ©« 


K*“- £*“• r^» 

> £> r Q r & 

a 

pCpCpC 


•joqum^ 


<M CO 

o o 

TJ* -TJ1 


o 


loot- cc 
O O' c o 
-fl ^ ^ 




COH 
O r-H t— t 
-* ^ ^ 


•tj 

fa 

£ . 
^d 

fl d 

d^ 

dS 
a p 

S-. 

C+-H 4-3 

+j © 
© ® 

«H [>, 

Is 

o o 
o o 

S— © 
^2,0 


d d 

aa 

CCCZ 3 


H 3 

© 

d 

p. 

■ 

d 

© 

d 

d 3 

© 

d 

d 

© 

dJ 

O 

o 

fa 

P 3 


d 


CO 


d 

© 

-fa 

•f-H 

fa 

Ph 


M 

d 

d 

P2 

d 

o 

© 


dlPP 

d 2 fa 
fa M d 


d 

nd fa 

© 

a^p 
© ••—* 

© 
^-5 

So.. 

^dH 

st% 

2 d ** -1 

dco 


© 

•i-H 

S 

o 

fa 


P «3 

O 

o 

fa 

X2 

a 

o 

fa 


© 

© 

fa-1 

o 

o 

rH 

'd 

fa 

d 

>. 

i 

d 

fa 

d 

P 3 

d 3 

d 

d 

d 

fa 

d 

PP 


-d 

© 

d 

d 

fa 

S3 


■^si > 1 Z3 
§MSgd 

U-i %*& _ fl 
^ ^ fd © 

° 2 CD d d 
fa-g 2 d 
■g ^H fa'd'S 

| |f § | 

o ^ a fa " 

o o ^ Q,m 

°-o « p 

t- fa o • 

&*£ S 

g‘S H+J d 

©-fa 

tPda ©da s 

a 2 ^2-2 _ 
.2 o d 2 © 

V d— ^ © fa 

fe fa.— fa © fal 

£s 3 d+P 
Ph 


•: d 

cssi'Z 
“tip 


© 


• • • • o o o o 
: : : :ooo o 

d d d d © © © •© 
o o c o © © © © 
©©©©©©© © 
fa fa fa fa fajdx 3 nd 

■£ JO fa -*- 14 -‘ -*-■ 
ddddPPP d 
pn^pnPHfiQP P 


o o o o o o 

oooooo 

©©©©©© 
©©©©©© 
©©©©©© 
d 3 -dHdd 3 d 3 d 3 
© © © © © © 
-fa -fa -fa fa -fa -fa 

d d d d d d 
pppppp 


d 

© © , • -r 
d © © 2 > 


•2 a 2 £ £ 2^3 

£ g-BB'd 1 d 

(§ W W p p4 p* f4 

coBdodd^; 


>. 

da 

o. 

fa 

d 


2® 
« 2 


fa 

© 

•-.-a 

r d2.2 


d MSoO d 

Sl»g2o 

^pp^^pq 


d d d d 

o o o o 

fa fa fa fa 

o o o o 

fa fa fa fa 

coco 


SSS3S3S3 

© © ©_© 

■fa "fa "fa "fa" 

d^d:p 2 d 3 


d 3 - 
©da 
wao 

~ fa d 

O d 2 

2B 2 

a c 


£££S 

o o o o 

U J- 

«♦_ e+_H 

B -B B B 


o o o o 
o o o o 
CO lO 1C ic 


° fa o 

e*-H Ph 

— t— © 

d 

^ © © 
5H r-l Ifi 


da 

© 

d 

d 


cd 3 
Bp o 

2 cpa' 


d 3 
O 
O 

fa © 
^fda 

_ © 
•— <—» ^ "™3 ^ 

d2§2d2 

d^pssa 
c o g p o o 

C fa p fa-fa fa 
P- « 4 —. S-. * 4 -i «+-, <H-h 

4 —i C *"" < 4_3 4 _J t 

H -3 <X) 4-3 (X) (X» <X> 
O O ^ c <X> <V 

^©^©oo 
© © © c © o 

OHI 15 ff 4 rtH 


J>> 

B2.QB2B2 ;>BBB2 
d 3 d 3 d 3 id ^S. d- 


^ 

d:d 3 d 3 d^d 3 d 3 

J2S!S:X?S3S3 


*SiSis3s3 r 


© > 


3-d r-j d3d3d3-dd3-j 

_ fa_i fa_ fa_ _ fa_fa_i 


C<IC 0 - 4 )kl 0 Ot -00 O 

r-H t—< t-H t-H r-H r-H r-H r-H 
P ^ ^ rH 

+** ■ 


C fa CH » HMO 
CH CI H ft «H Cl 

■HH 41 4 < r< H ■** 


O 

Q 

© 

© 

© 

d3 

© 

d 

Pi 





• • 04 00 kO © 

• • co 


CO 04 04 CO 

• CO 

| 

t- ^ CO CO CO © 


© © iO CO 
^ CO 04 

• © © 

• lO 

04 

kC © lO © © © 

04 kO 04 ^ 04 CO 

r-H 



d3d3d3d3 *d3 ® ® ®d3d3d3 * 


o 

04 

* 





































































































35 


& 

© 

d 

ft 

d 

xo 

g 

o 


© 

© 

<d 

d 

© 


d 


© 

ft 

x2 

ft 

£ 



»3t4 2 © 

= is § 

d'^H 
O .ftteift 

>- dd'-'O 

o® - 

O * 4-> • -H >> 

© co^-g 
a) ^ T4 

.-l_Zj P 

^£lg£ 


rP 

• 4d 

X3 

o 

: © 

© 

a 

• d 

ft 

o3 

• r-j 

ft 


* L 

d 

4^ 

• 4D 

.O 

3 

: a 

a 

o 

• o 

o 

Pd 

• d 

d 

<*-< 

J '♦H 

«*— 

4ft) 

• 4-5 

d> 

© 

• © 

© 

© 

# © 

© 

•r-< 

• <4H 

«d 

O 

• o 

© 

ic 

• lO 

>o 


00 

00 


CO 


X4 

o 

o 

d 


ft 

a 

© 

a 

o 


ft © 

.2*a 

t-i _, 

§ x 

® o 

02 © 


X3 

O 

o 

d 

xo 

a 

o 


© 

© 

«d 

o 

© 

<M 

© 

d 


d 

o 

d 


M 

o 

O 

d 

X0 

a 

o 

u 

c<—i 
-d 
© 
© 

© 


d 

ft 

■ 

d 

d 

d 

X0 

'ft 

d 

d 

d 

d 

d 


'ft 

d 

d 

>> 

d 

u 

d 

X0 

© 

d 

d 

d 

-ft 

X3 

O 

o 


<» 


4-i-UV 

c am© 
d d d 
© © © 
xxxftx) 

d p d 

o o o 

C0 73X 


-u 

© 

d 


© 

a 

d 

d 

O 


X-P-Pvp 
, © © © © © © 
d^ © d d d ft. 


® © © © ® © 2 jhX 3 2 2 2 ®’©"© r © r ©’©'© 

aaaa5 2-£g^5355gsaaaa 

r ^J*3 ^ ®3 O d OOcO OOOOdddddd w curocs©©®©©© 

QOOOGQOj0,__cZ2iX>a0cZ2QOOOOO O OOOOOOOOO 


© ©©©©©©©©® 

a aaaaaaaaa 

d ddddddddd 


d 

£ 

o 


d * 

sis 

d d d 


dfd'ca ft 


ft ft ft 

d d d 

o o o 
dc tj: dc 
© © © 
d d d * 


* SSS~*P* 


c 

O 

d 

o 

d 


pq 

4 


.3 

^^§g«d 

dddfeniS 


©Jjjc 

d 

© 


CT 


-—' «——I W I V/ 
2 © £ £•© 


© 


© 

d^ 


d 

r « 
® S 


© 

d 

•rH 

X3 

ftd. 


Nt2W®®dn«o® o 

O . dd® © d 0/1 w >_, 


d 

© 

Xl . • 

H 4 4 4 Eh EH 32 ori O 4 ^ 


© 
o 
O 

ft? 
ft£ 

_ ■ d ® 

O ft” d 

a © 

o > 


© 
dW © 

o^- 


ftg ft 

2 fS® 




CO CO -H CO CO 


rH Cl Cl Cl CN Cl 


OCLO- 

H Cl H 


o 

Cl 


a d 

o o 

4~> 4-> 

•- o 

Jh 


* . ’ d H 

C o o jT 
O d o ^ 

dX! d- 

"g§§; 


d d d d d d d 

o o o c o o o 

dJpipP-PP-p 

o o o o o o o 

Ij L( L( L L| 

OOOOCOO 

I S-) ?H r-( ?H ?H 


Cl 


d d 
o o 

4H 4H 

O O 
s-. Jh 

oo 


o . . 

t-**-* Sh - 

-M ® 4J 

© ® 4 . 

<X) «4-d CD =«- 

^0^0© 
kO © © © © 
noMffiH 


^aaoggaa 

• O Om o o o o 

11 d d CC d d d d 
<q—iet_i Hshih'H'H 
’ • ■ © • • » • 
+->•!-> o-d-w-d-d 
H t*_l =f-H -d (_ e^H C|_f 

© © d©©©© 
© ©,-», © © © © 
MOUhihiMH 


ft4 

O 

O 

d 

a 

o 

d 




-W^l w 
o:^ 
o o 


U3 


O O O 

o o o 

d d d 

.0.0.0 


.22X2 X? 

££g a 
a 


H ® / 

3 d d 

O C'h'h 

d d +_> 4_) 

*d d © © 

4_j © © 

5~Ct-, t d=(-l 

o o o c 1 
o o o o 

H CO H H 


r—H • 44 

P 2 a a a d 

gx2 © © ©xj 

©aaaaa 


CO 


Cl CO Cl CO 


io »o CO lO 


d ° ° 
o ^ ^ 


O O O 

U %4 u 


a 

•• • • • • • • • • 

§ ooSSgodOgo 

d © d d 3x2 3 © g 3 

9 w O O o - ®9rtO 

■ d d p 

e i . r + ' < 


^4JXJ-P H-U 

-*-» (X) © CD © <D 

© <X> X/ <X> <D <X> 

Q^» «*—( «i—I «4—I U —( «4-H 

^ o o o o o 

O C O O O O' 
O Cl H H H Cl 


4— 1 

(D 

O) 

«4H 

o 

UO 


p C Cl £ £ C) 

S-l 1- «+^ «+H «*_ «■ 

<4— ’ C H-I "’ 1 4_) 

4—»-M 

c»<D<x)(X)a^iw'X) <I) ^o 

<D 0 <♦-- «+-h n-» c +—< <1/ <«-H 

'”'”©©© ©o'”'* -1 © 
0 ©©l 0 ©l-».c ©©lO 

IBIOHHHHHIOIOW 


ccXftftftoftdft_£ftftd ; ©ft3ftlxi : 03X3X3X3X3X3X3X3X3X3 X) X3X3X3X3X3 ®X3 ®X3X3 


>. >. >. 
X0X2XD 


* t*i C>i t'l 
;XOX2XO 

X0X2X2 3X2X2X2 


• >» f» 

:-^x2xc 

:x2X2 


CO 

Pi 


t>» P>> >» >»>»>» 

2 X3 >X2 >X0 > >X2X2X2 ® 

© ft^ ftx^» A A A /—v 




>» cO P>> >» >J >. {>» 

-O > >^7,04) 

ft ^ftftftftft & a 


© ri —( 


ftj 


ftxJxdxJ^-xJxd ftx33x3^-^ ^ r dx3^3x3 r px1 Tl 'dftftX3'S2 !j:: 2' :J ' d - d - d - d 2x :: f 

«m <»—I <♦—, 4-i M4^-.«4 -h ^ 2ft CO«t-H X «fH X«+H ^ X 4— «4—i^Cl (/.tf.( CC Cl «H H <H X V-. 

CO 


H I0t0t> . X C O H Cl CO H lO 

OOOC1 . Cl Cl CO W Cl CO CO CO 
(NC1CH -n 


iCSOtr-OOOO^CICO^ lO 
COCOCOCOCOrti^-H-H-HH^ -H 


Ot^0CC72O— < C3CO'H»C 
rH^-r-rtlLOlLOlOlClOlO 
■rjn Tfi -r^ "rji ^ tH "H 1 ^ ^ 


yatt.| Kent 
































































































































TABLE III — Middle Branch of Croton Kiver — ( Continued ). 

December 26, 1884. 


36 


to 

ft 

P 


© 

M 


to O 
<D -M 

gg 

O 

d) _ 


ft 

© 

> 

• rH 

ft 

<m 

O 

44 

d 

p 

£ 

d 

o 

to 

© 

•rH 

> 

•i-H 

ft 

Ah 


a 

tt 

P 

dd 

p 

o 

It 

PI 

tt 

44 

o 

o 

P 

£ 


a 

GO 


3 ® 

© 

<D +-> 

a . 

■ ^ ^ • 

^ © p 

^ > © 

P P •!—> 
O ft 

-la 

*i 2 o 

/H'i .r! • . 


■M «*-( 

tott jj 

O © © 

W ® © 

Ml 

© 

a 

0 

tr 

•rH »™H 

fa 

p . 

>•© © 


© > 

-M © 

poo 

mM>Q 

O 

H 

^5 

005 


o 

o 

P 

Pi 

a 

o 

P 

<M 

-M> 

© 

© 

«M 

© 

> 

CP 


p 

p 

t>. 

p 

p 

p 

M 


p 

o 

ft 

**t 

o 

© 

Td 

•r-H 

CO 

© 
+-» 
• rH 

CO 
O 
ft 
. a 
: o 

ig 


© 


p 

p 
P P 

o« 


p 

£ 

o 

H 


-M-M-M-M-M-M -M-M-M 
to to to to to to ' to to to 

p P P p P P_ P P P 
© © © © © ©PS © © © 
pajdrPPdPdPi Cr ppd,p 

-M -M -M -M> -M -M fl -M -M -M 

PPPPPP^PPP 
OCCOOOPOCO 
GO GO GO GO GO GO Q GO CO GO 


tt 

tt 

to 

to 

P 

P 

© 

© 

dd 

-d 

-M 

-M 

d 

0 

0 

O 

m 

m 


+_> ,_>-M+j- u-M-M> 

©ccccaicocflcfiySgSy 

SciPScjtic!®®®i® 

d5©®©©©©££*£® 

qd-d-d-d-d-d-d © © © © © 
p p p p p p p+g-^+g+jIG 
OOGOOOCdPPPP 
GOGOCOCOGOGOGOPhP^PhPhP-i 


© 


p 

*'©'© ® 

® a a5 s 

•Wphpfcl 

P p P O P 
PnOQGOO 


© 

p 

g 


to to to 


It p ft 

o o o 

£££ 


©Pi 
© 


© © © . p • It 

rccddd a : © p © . 

dd? g .pj o-P . 

© p P p 3d) p 92 ^ g 
PCuCuO-i^ Id d flOp 

P-P-P-P-^ a^ o . © 
W ap,ftWco cg^pmW 

© © © . P 


o 
O 
bn 
p 

•rH 

P 

•rH 

• © 

H i~s 


© 


tH 

00 

00 


t- 

CM 

rO 


CJ 


t» 

© 

►‘TS-b 


.^+^2 : 2 
©2 ®"© 

* ® £ p£3w 


®‘&j§.2 8 o p- ;ps . 

H^ddwwwcwo 


•sstj 


• 


IO 


CO kO CO 

CO 

•sesaoji 


• 




d ^ d 

d 

•savoq 


• 


30 

© © ■© CO 
dHd 

25 


© 

© 

p 

p 


S 2 2 2 a p *ppp 

23-SB o o -000 

- - - -U4-> --m-m-m 

‘COO 
P It S-l 

OQ pOOO 

aaaap p 2 p p p 

O ,0,0,0 

I2l2^22 r d r d^ )r d , d r d 


• O fr¬ 


ee © 


1 CO 


o 1 a >o 10 t* 

co CO H H d 


o o o o 0 0 

P P It It g o 

0000 *- ^ 


p 

o 

-l-l 

o 

It 


p 

o 

-u 

o 

ft 


o o 


© 

Pi 


P2 


7d 'p 




a a a a p p' - p p p p 

ooccS^ fiaM - 


^ u, 


p p © 

=*—i«♦—< P PG 


© © © © 

© © © ©©-I'M M'M 

So 

OOIOOOOK^O 
W IO lO H H t —1 


o o 

tH Jh 

C4-H 


o o 
O' o 
d Cl 


o 

o 

\o 


a 

o 

p 


© 

10 


P4P4 

o o 
O o 

p p 

« 1 —** 
p p 

a a 

© © 

aa 

o o 

*H lH 
4-> -M 

o o 

(X) o 

«f-H «♦— I 

o o 

kO 1C 


o o 

C O 

5- U 

S 5 

o o 

J- tn 

«4-H e+H 

o o 
o o 

4-(«+H 

o o. 

kO kO 


CD I 


CO 


O kO 
CO CO 


cn 


© ^ 
n3 r^ 
O 

P 3 W 


A s £p?.23 


® pGS-rlPn 

to m —1 k 

3^’ S ®K 


d d dflWd^ 


CO © « CO 


fl B HCi 


>00 © t- 


M 
O ^ 

c> r 
p £ 

a-® 


-g p p 

P P P 

j© © © 
> > 
p d p 

ci © © 

a«« 

a -j jt 


gX5 gdd £ 


O P 

it © 
<*-H P> ' 

4-i cj 
© © 
©rn 

«4—|HH ■ 

o a 

So 


o o 
p p 


-Grf M 

or 45 
o p 

PGd 

^ p 
M © 
© 

P © 
©22 
pq- 
. p 

II 

S o 

O J-. 

L^«4-H 


O' kC 


00 kO 
Cl Cl 


© o © 

© © kO 
Cl H d 


” © 
© © 
CO tH 


© cd © • 

9ocou 
£^1h p-g-g-go 
2 2 2 o 
p p p pooo a 
© © © © . . 

> P» K* > p p p—I 

P P P 

© © © © . . .5 
Kpqpqpq^'O'p a 

p p ppggg® 

a s a a 12 

C'^'L G 

c3 . © 
. -M . -M o ^ © 

4-0 «fH «*-H 4— <*—1 ^ «+-H «♦_( 

^ © © *^ © szj © © 

© © © © ©^-v © © 

kOdf-HiOf-H^dd 


•UO}I , BA 0 J 3 ; 

GdqddidlrdGd ccGddlGd 

Gd 

c n 

GdGd-dGdGd 

:,d cc^dPd-^ 33 to idiJd iddGd 

•sSnxpjinqino 

to to ^ >» >>>.>.>. 

> > £££>££££ 

P> P< ^*,0 

to 

> 

a 

b by 

K^> 

^diXJdidi 

b by 
pv 
b by 
b by 
pv 
b by 
b by 
pvs 
b by 
b by 

b by 
b by 

•sosnoji 

r 0'to' 1 to r 0£j3 r O'=lAA 

^ C> Ol CC '^'^ ®MMM 

r3 

cc 

kO 

d 

jd 

jdGd --d-d 

«♦—» <4-H * «*—1 «4-H 

aa^aa^aslaaaaa 


*°N 


Ofr OOCOHdW^kfl 
idokokotccoooo 


© 

© 


t- 

© 


OC©©*-*dCO^kO©t-CO© 
© © t'- fr- fr- fr“ fr- fr* fr— fr- fr- fr— 


© 

oc 


H d CO ^ kC 

00 00 oc oc 00 

-rt< ^ -rji ^ 

























































































486 fh I b by h 200 feet from brook. 25 2 6 H. Barnes. Kent. 

487 fh i b by s 75 ft. from Mid. br. Croton, 8 2 H. FowJer. Kent . 

488 fh b by h 150 feet from small brook .. 12 2 3 I. E. Hobby. Kent. 

489 fh | b by s On small brook. 6 l 2 A. Hobby. Kent. Brook drains barn. 


37 


© 


CD 

O 

ft 

ft 

o 

d 

o 

r d* g 
o3 3 
P 2 
ftpq 

4-H 

® P 

®f 


CD 

® 

CD 

•»«H 

a . 

©xi 

a ° 

ft o 

p2 

53 

- — CD 


®d 

O g-d — - 

ft CD dX< g 

2 •- P o o 
ft © - 1 o £ 

r* >ft ftft 

ft ©— ft 

g ® 
q‘£’® 3'° 

PQPh 


X)-^ 

ft g 
ft 9 

ft ft 
rftrft 

2 ci 

aa 

vi vi 

aa 

o o 

ft ft 


© © 
© © 

ftft 

o o 
o o 

Cl ft 


ft) 

d 

eg 

X! 

d 

o 


CD 

ft 

tx 

'd 

d 

q 

£ 

q 

CO 


ft) 

d 

eg 

XP 

d 

o 

>. 

ft 

o 

o 

eg 

ft 

© 

tX 

q 

•r—I 

ft 

ft 

eg 

O 


ft) 

O 

o 

ft 

ft! 

ft 

p • 

> >> 
O ft 

ft,® 

.£0 

ft g 
PftO 


CD 

•H 

o 


4—> 4-® 4-® 4-® 4-® -x-® 4—> 4-3 4-® 4-® 4-® 4-® 4-® 4 -® 4-® 4-® 4-3 4—» 4-® 4-® 4-® 4-® 4—> 4—) 4 J 4 J 40 

daddddd d ddddddddddddddddqddd 
®©®©©®® © ®©®©®©®®<©©©©®©®©®©®© 


00 

00 


C5 

(M 

?- 

-O 


<d 

o 

<d 


CD 

© 


d'd 
d d 


ag 

ft CD 


© © >, p q 

CD CD ©X> — 

d p;—,©-® 

^ S ^ 

■^ © C C S SH 
cd 


ft ., 


& 

e, 

q 

d 

W 

CD 

CD 


©3 
O 

o 

^©©©^©©ftftE-^ 

|§|S^a|® qJj®.-2£ 
d g g £ ft £ dM E 2 c 


©pw 
gd; 
tx p 


ftjfti 


T3 

d 

© 

CD 




. -W— T—' 

-£d •>— 1 **-h 

SgESa 


«C0C0 


.W • . ' —. I—1 /—\ 

WKd 


© 




■ Cl • Cl CO CO t- o 


O r-t 


l CO 


CO -* 


'-H O O • <M 50 

Cl rH ■** • tH 


Cl 

Cl 


a • 

O M 
4 -®-^ 
0 2 
u» o 

O £ 


cad 

000 

4-® 4® 4-* 

OOO 

fc-l 1- L- 

QOQ 


^ ^ ^ 
^ q p c^-xcft! 

d? 3 2 r'd'd r ® 

-CDftj^gg- 

aoSoggg 

2^iop° 

. © © © , 

^-> © © © 
v.cnej-itH'HCHP-i 

OOOOOOO 

OOOxCOOO 

5DHHCBMHH 


d 

o 

+-> 

o 

ft 

o 

ft 

X= 


d q 

o o 

ft — 

o o 

- ft 

OQ 


10 © 

ft co 


q q q 

000 

ft ft ft 

000 

ft ft ft 

000 


CO 


i 

d 

o 

ft 


ft ft • ft ft 

. . o . . 

32 222 
HHOHH _ 


d d —d • 

o o-o d2 
-te-g ® o ^ 

9 9 o q,o 

i ft ft c, M a 
W CD® £ 

1 ft ©V V— 

■ft,© ^ © o 
^ 111 ft ® o 
‘ ft 

ft 


10 © 
eo co 


:-s£ I g b 

1220^0. 
dP - ft - 


ft g g ft ft g Hr ^ a 
oo£ooo Cdn 

ft.fttd ft ft ft 


«S ft ft«W«H‘CH g 

ex—c ei_c _ . _ *-> 


4-3 4-3 O 4 J 4 J 4 J 
«+-)C4-H <X) 4-h <4-® «4—( 

00^000 
XC o o o o o 

Cl Cl H LO CO H 


g ft g a 

g ft O ft O o 
ft 0=01 , 

CM eg -ft © ft-ft 

22 © © ® ® 
4®4® ©tH O 1- 
«H «H «H ^ <fH U~i 

O O O O o XO 
XO XO XO H xO Cl 


©) 
o 
o 

ft 

X! 

q o ft 
ft c; P 
ft ft ft 
cD©:.d 

aaa 

p ft o' 

iM S-< 

ii_1 .. ti_1 


X)X) 

o o 
ft ft©! 

££ § 

-gaap 

o ft ft- 

ft ft ft — 


-ft -u -ft 
© © © 
© © © 
=ft ft =ft 

© © © 
© © ©' 
-1 OC CO 


©) 

O 

O 

ft 

.ft 
q 

a 

CD 

a 

o 

ft 

q — 


-ftft 


a- 


© ©«© 

© © © ® © 
ftftft ^ft 
o >Oft to 


a 

£ 

o 

ft 

X4 


a 

a 

o 

ft 

ft 

© 

CD 

d 

ft 

© 

ffl 


•d .—d) 
Sjg g-d 

® ft CD t* 
2^2 § 
o dec 


©) 

o 

o 

ft 

X2 

a 

o 

ft 


© 

© 

ft 

d 

© 


d 

o 

X! 

q 

> 
• i-h 

- 

Ph 


a aaaaaaaa 

ft ftft^ft^^ftft 

q qqqqqqqq 
Q OOOOOOOO 


-4 

CO 

00 


o 

CO 

J- 

<d 

rO 


<X5 




^ 

o <i> o X ^ cc E: 

q q cs q q s* 
pq HWM« g«Oo 


ft 

^ ft 
Wt3 

a a 

O ci 

q ft 
=«3 


©) 


Cl ^ 


O 

t- 


* * 

'd'd o o o 
® P ft o o 
O O O ft ft 
ft g^X^XJ 
X3 !X!=t3_ 

'd'd d d2 
d rrs O d q 
- 2 ft O O 

ftCQ ,g *- 
--2«« 
—— a p g 

O O O q g 
ft o o 

Mjajft ft ft 

a © — 
S 2 ©*->-ft 

s 2 © ® © 

——ft © © 

q q©'^'* - 
© >o © 

OO ft t~ Cl 


x) 
o 
o 

ft 

X! 

'd 
q 
o 

W Wcq 


o 

X) 

q 

q 

X2 

q 

O 


X!X)X1 
o o c 
000 

ft ft ft 

X2XJXJ 

'd'd'd 
q q q 
000 

ft ft ft • 

WWpq 

aaa 

OOP 
ft ft ft 

4-4 *4-1 4H 

4-® 4-® 4-3 

3) <X> *3) 

O O <£> 

e*_, 4-4 4-H 

OOO 

0X0 0 


X3X)X) CDX1XJX) 

xa 

□Q CD CDXlXq CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD^d CD ! IcD IcD 


: :xaxaxixdxaxa 

3>> t>» P>, P^, 

X2X!^X! ^XPX! 

X^X!X2X! XPX2 

>, 

xa 

xc 

b by 
b by 
pv 
b by 
b by 
b 

pv 
b by 
PV 
PV 

pv 
b by 
pvs 
b by 
b by 
PV 

pv 

pv 

b by 


b by 
b by 
pv 
b by 
b 

pv 

4-H 4—( 4—1 4H ^ 4 —( 4-H 

A 

4-H 

xaxaTSx)-d'd'd—'d—^'d^-P-P 22-ri P-® 1 

ftft Jftft © gj-d CD^P^P CD *'*-HftX22^ 

a 

ggd^^'p 

O H Cl CO HHC *<D 

0 0 0 0 0 0-0 

Tjl Tt< T^H -*41 

t- 

O 

-H 

CC©©ftClC0-qiO©t~00©©ftClCO-flf5©t- 

CC.OOOOOOOOOOHHHHHHHH 

Tii-funioioioioioinioifiloioioKjinioiowio 

00 

rH 

XO 

OOr-iClCO^xOO 
H Cl Cl d Cl Cl Cl Cl 

xoxcxoxoxoxoxnxn 
















































































































































TABLE III — Middle Branch of Croton River—( Continued ). 


38 


tn 

*H 

ci 

a 

© 

P3 



23 

d 

o 

Si 

pq 


.a 

© 

d 

CC 

Si 

3 

o 


03© O 
a d O 

„ d >1 P4 2 

CPP. O 


4* 

o 

o 

(-1 

-Q 


d 

a 

00 

a 

o 

Sc 


© 

© 


d 

© 

£ 

-i 

23 

© 

d 

P>> 

i 

a 

Si 

d 

M 


a 

£ 

o 

H 


C* '^ '" H 

a 


ESSE'a 


SiSlSiSlSiSiSiSiSc 

ddddddddd 

OOOCOOOOO 







> » 

( ( ( t | . ( 

, 

© 

© © 

© 

© © © © 

a> 

© 

O O O O O O 

© 

a 

aa 

a 

aaaa 

a 


aaaaaaa 

a 



tii 

i~, P-, ^ 

S-H 


M M H Ll 4 . 1 L< 

?—< 

ci 

d d 

cz 


O 


Cw ci 0 Cw ci 0 

Cj 

CJ 

OO 

0 

OOOO 


u 

ooccoou 

CJ 


® ® li O' 

aaaa 

Si Si Si Si 
d d d d 
UOQO 


Si 

© 

d 

£ 

O 


•SSld 

r-i • CO tH 

• CO CO (M d 

• CO 


• CO 



CO 


•• ; 


• • CO 


CO 

• CO ^ d 

•sasaojj 


• H Cl rl <N t-H 

• 05 


• Cl 



Cl 




• d d 


d 

• d d rH 

'savoq 

Cl • CO rH 

• lO lO rH CO 'T 

• O 


• 0 



0 


• T-H 


I 0 0 


10 

• ^ O d 


• t —1 

• Cl 


• tH 



d 




• CO d 


H 

d 


23 

d 


© . 
d © 
"d si 
•42 ® 
« J42 © 

t2 3 ®43 

^ g£S 

tig 


©pq 

M 




tar tJ3 cue C3 
d d d © 
d o o si 
d ci d £ 
eg d d h ® 

OOOt^ 


® C 


o 

o 


Si 

3 d 
“ © 
© 
Si 


p>3 

© 

d 

-Si! 

© 

d 


S 


4H 

4342 ® 
til CX-^+i 

•n-co’3 

feci • si 


WO^PP <1 WO i-4 


CD 

d 

o 

d 

es 

O 

w 

w 


tx 

Si 

d 

42 

d 

© 

23 

© 

Si 

!> 

X 


>» 

© 

=3 

ej 

Si 

PP- 


S 2-P43 

§<S§sl*sf 

S d ddJ Si 

cjQXi-4 g!> 
OdhxOGO 




43 

_tx 

*Si 

£ 


tx tx 

d O' 


© 


d 2 .&S 

eg ce siH 

OOp2 © 
KWHS 


© 

© 

d 

eg 

-n 

93 


M J44-P-P-P 
C -i O C C C-^ O O 

o°ooooSoo 

SiOSiSiSiSiOSiSi 

, 0 ^ 42 - 043.0 i;d2d2 

23gl232g2323a'2323 
d'O d eg d d^ d d 

odoooodoo 

SiOs-SiSiS-OsiSi 

PQ^neaWK^pqp; 

apaaaapaa 

cgoooogoo 

SiOSiSiSiSiOSiSi 

*W SlUl 

+1 C * — * 4-3 1-3 1-1 1-3 **“* 11 11 
© 11 ©©®® 11 ©® 
g3®i33©(©<33®©<33 
<1 Q3<1<1 

0 € *“'©©©© < * H ©© 
lOOlOOOiOlOCO 
cs«3»»esit'fiei 


M 

O 

O 

Si 

-O 

'd 

d 

o 

Si 

PP 


o 

Si 


® 

® 

<1 

SO 


4^-P 
o o 
o o 

Si Si 

42 42 

2323 
d d 

o o 

Si Si 

pppp 

aa 

o o 

S- Sj 
<i=i 
U 1-3 
© © 
© © 


44 

O 

O 

Si 

-O 

23 

d 

o 

Si 

X 

a 

o 

Si 


© 

© 


SO © © 
Cl so SO 


•4444 
44 O C 
O O O 

C -3 i 

Si 42 42 

'°2323 
23 d d 
d O p 

Spqpq 

Saa 

o o o 

, . 

M «+—( C*—( 

d+j+e 
eg © © 

A © © 

’“SHI 

do© 

O so SO 
OS 11 


23 

d 

O 

Si 

PP 


44 

C 

O 


o 

Si 

pq 


a a 


^ ii 

n 03 
© © 
© <H 

^ © 
SO © 
Cl Cl 


44 

O 

O 

Si 

42 

23 

d 

o 

S-i 

pq 

a 

o 

Si 


© 

© 


© 

© 


44 

O 

O 


^.d-d 
23 O © 
eg d d—, 

o ^ H w 

^ LZ Li 2 

PQ^rO O f 

h r 1 r> ^ 

d d d c 
o o o g 

Si Si Si O 
«♦-< ^ SL| 1 


o o o 

d d d 
d d d 
S- Si Si 

-Q 4242 

aaa 

GOO 

Si Si Si 


® © © n © © © 

03 © © © © © © 

<311-1=1 0. <1=1=1 

© © o ' 4-1 © © © 
© so © © © © © 

H Cl » C3 Cl fl W 


44 4444 44 
O O O O 
O O O O 
Si Si Si Sh 

X3424242 

© d5'd , d r d 
a a ct zi a 
d O C O o 
Si s, si si si 

42 Kpqpqpq 

a aaaa 

O O o o o 

Si Si Si Si Si 

*«—• «*H «*H ^ *4-4 

4-> 4-» 4J -M 4-> 

Cl) a> 0) 0) o 

0) <U <D <D O 

C 4-1 «*_, «4-h C^-( 

O OOOO 
O' OOOO 
CO CO ■** CO CJ 


•UOi;t7A9^ 

43 44 4d 44 4d 44 44 42 42 93 93 9, 42 

4d-d © 42 P 424242 © «542^ -d ©-^4242 

•eSuipjinq^no 

po P>i t>> P^i r-> Po P*i ^ 

42,0424242-0424242 42 42-0' -Q 

42424242 4242 42 42 42 

>° 00 P, o. & oo'°-°p < 

42 M,M ‘- 0 ' m ^-O '"‘“42 42 ^ 03 4242 

•sesnon 

dgT 3 -d424242 4242 42 4d 0422322 -O 1 23 1 - 3 23rt 404323 3d 23 -i-0©3 

‘^'^•^'I'l'i <i ^<1 <1 C=w 93 93 S4 u 93^ ©22 Cl Ci © Cl 9- w CC 

ueqranjsj 

t^XCiCHClCOHLC O L— CO O O H Cl CC --+I in C O) C. Q h rn ^»r>crgr— 

dddCOCOCOCOCOCO CO coco CO S S SSSw 

»oioido»o^cioido jjo l{ ^ kc^o»oio 10 10 ic ic ic 10 »c ic to »b to »b to> 

































































































39 


d cidS 

®og 

-d t* g 
d-d .2 

a® a 
o o*^ 

,d d © 

oi % a 

S' 0 ? 
^ t-i 

® S © 

J* o “ 

d t- 

«*-<•£ 

O ® 

b ® 

gd33® 

- 2 =: a> d 

o~ >H'r 
cd >'2 2 
•h-h d r d 

a>°3^ 
tx d-d^s 
co.o 

•-"•rH O O 
c3 O ^* 0 

OPh 


ix 

cs 

d 

•rH 

cd 

i-t 


id 

o 

o 

t-l 

d3 

o 


© 

a 

•rH 

cti 

Ph 

Ph 

P» 

a 

ph 

d 

M 


a> 


<D O <X> © © 


a a aaaa 


Pm 

cd 

O 


Pm 

cd 

O 


j-h Pm Pm p- 

ci oi ci ci 

OOOQ 


pd 

CO 

"3 

£ 

d 

izi 


© 
d 
d 
u 

®Q 


© 

© 

+-> 

CD 

M 


cd .a 
© ^ 
O r - r ° O' 

^ pi 525525 


CO • 1 C 


Cl CO CO 


lO © Cl 
00 


PO 

00 

00 


O? 

>. 

P 

C3 

3 

s 

►? 


P3 

W 

> 

i—i 

Ph 

« 

o 

H 

O 

M 

o 

Em 

o 

W 

o 

£ 

-< 

P5 

PQ 


(m 

© 

!> 


a 

o 

t-i 


. ® 

M © 

of 

££ 

■°<S 

I- 

S'! 

© 

s g 

*2-a 
+-"0 
® a 

*4—i d 

>»d 
.■*-’t- 
!= d 
PhPQ 


© 

> 

cd 

f>. 

> 

•i—i 

u 

Ph 


M 

O 

C 


M 
O 

o 

s~, 

d 33 
d d 

s^a 

O ® 

a o d 

ni-a 

2nQ O 

*4-1 _ (-4 

S '* -1 

© g © 

£-*2 

-*_j 

f>> © >4 
**-',>''4-1 

£ 5 


-M 

O 

c= S 

£ cd co 

S d 
? S o 

a 

® c ® 

a £<2 

o © 


CD 

d 

•pH 

d 

ti 

33 

P4 

O 

o 

t-4 

-d 


© 


© 

®« 

± t>> 

cd +- 


>.d 


© 


; t-i 

n d ^ 

EhPPH 


P4 

O 

O 


ci 

a 

CD 

a 

o 


© 

© 


Ph 


d 

© 


-£ 

d 

d 

,d 


M 
O 

o • • 

23333 
o t-, U 
d d 

-3 S>> >» 
cd 1 • 
add 

d t* f-l 

© d cS 

g-d,Q 

o eii-S-S 

3dii2 2 
s 

^>.00 

U tH 

a: PhWM 


d_j 


© © © © © 

~aaa a 


©® © ©®©®©®®©®®®®® © - '©’’3'©'®'® 

aa a aaaaaaaaaaaaa a aaaaa 

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Ph Jh Ph Pm Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Pm Pm Pm Pm 

of d cid ci sicidcicicicScicicScicici ci ciciddci 

0000 o qo oooooooooooocoo d5ddo 


© © © © 

aaaa 

Ph U Ph Ph 

cd cd cd cd 

0000 


© 
S-4 
© 
Ph £> 

d ^ 1 


© 




b & 

^ ? 

Q Ph 

o 

K- 




■ or* 

'HH 


co 

> 

cd 


d 

•i-H 

cd 

7h 

a 

d " 
<dCj 

Ph . 

CP 


3 ! 

ci 


d •_,*-© • • • 

d B • d d ©ja • . • 

© d. >> O ■ • d 

bp j-PQ-S S« 


P 

P PP 


5 b h ^2 


-JO 

d ® X 

fl ‘ ' H,r r52 fl > 

, 1 1 • >“H 7 -* *'■ - 

1 . ri O 


«P b c 


« P^Ph 


Cl CO 


CO 


10 CO 


^ Cl Cl 


10 O 10 


SWOP 


_ „ © b'a 
a ©^. 2 ®© 
,xP 


M 

O 

o 



H 

• r:—. 

o o o o 

o 

C O 

O 



. CZ3 

w 

-*-> I-* 1—4 1—* 

o o © o 

+-> 

o 

-M H-» 

o o 

O 

O 

O 

*o 


S—4 t—< — -4 t—4 

t-4 

Pm Pm 

Ph 

t-4 

Ph 

d 



oooo 

o 

OO 

O 

,o 

p^P 

o 


r 

-d-ddr-d 

xi 

m3 .a 

©3 

3! 


a-di 

p^ 

o © © © 

© 

o o 

o 

d 

ci 

T3 O 


O 

d d d d 

d 

a a 

a 

O 

O 

W CL 

rj O 


a 

ci ci ci d 

d 

C2 ci 

ci 

t—4 

Ph 

.3 t-4 


c3 

t-4 t- t-l tn 

t-i 

Ph Ph 

Ph 

P 

« 

r=-d 

Ph 

£2 

dJ-O-d'jd 

d> 

o ro 

pO 

a 

£ 

aa 

dlj 

o 

o 

a 

o 

£££'£' 

£ 



o 

u 

o 

Ph 

22 

aaaa 

a 

£ £ 

£ 

Vm 

«HH 


Pm 

«fH 

o o o o 

o 

o o 

o 

<D 

4-> 

<D 

H-» H-> 

o o 

pC 


Ph P- P- Ph 
<4-h 4h Ph «*-h 

Ph 

«PH 

Ph Ph 
«4h !*H 

Ph 

«*H 

© 

<D 

<D <D 

Pm 

<D 

-P+j+j-P 

4H 

O 4-j 

4-j 


«HH 

e*-H «kH 

ci 

<D 

«HH «HH tPH 1 

«4-H 

C*H «PH 

«PH 

o 

o 

o o 

cp 

4H 

o o o o 

© 

© © 

© 

o 

o 

o c 


O 

o o o o 

o 

© © 

© 

r-H 

Cl 

Cl d 

kO 

CO Cl rH H 

Cl 

Cl t- 

Cl 


Cl d H 


d Cl 


CO CO 


d d d d d 
o o o o o c d • • d 

h +-> +j -4-J +-1 O o 

OOOCO^^SiciMoo 4-> 
^^t4L^OO®®©OXx o 

00000**5=3=^ ft 2 A 

©OOO©^!* ft —4 ——4 

d d d d c£Z ®®23?^ 

ci d ci ci ci . .-333 .52 

P- Ph Ph Ph Pp^.V Co CC CCk^. S H 

fdfQf^fd'diK^^pppl^ CD CD 


d 

O 

-t-i 

o 

^1 

o 


fH 

J 2 


IO 

cc 

00 




• 4-» • 

. 4-> • 

: 2 fct 

rs 

IO 

• Jj • >> 
: iS : -2 

Ph 

O 

d 

o 

© 

• p^ a 
+3 a o 

cepq 2 

P 

e 

®'ci 3 i'© 

Q W ®W 

fcr 

•pH 

£ 

t_, d 

O cdO 

Pm 


1 

FP* 

»-o 


*§ 

Ph£Sp4 


1 co 


ClHOlO 

Cl 4-4 


: fibre. 


££23322223 3 


daddCHPP^p^PP 

O O O O 

Pm Pm Ph P- 

«4_i«hh«hh«hh«+h(1>(DCD<1) , X , 0 ( X>'I> 

-i * {^ | ~> i *i | * Cj & ^ ^ 


OOOOOOOOOOOOO O 
OOiOOOlOiOOkOOOOO o 

CI C^ Cl H PH Cl Cl H ci Cl L- r-H r-H 


o 

Ph 


Gj 

<Z> 


© .d 

4f“d3 © © 

V* 

• CD 

k*» r>» p>* 

• > 

dddd 

• p— 

ddJdd 

d ^ 

•ddi—di 

a uo 

rH 

«H—( c*-h — a*__* 


L 


O 

o 

fH 

cd 

. , Ocj 

u jm 

P" o cd n 

,_ C O f, 1/3 

O-Q-Jd O = 

t-4—s- O 
«HH P— «HH Ph 

-(_j d d 

SSS®^ 

CfH CO CO «*_H 

o d do *7 

—I OO Ol IO 


cd cDxida .a ®.d © r di! r d'2T 1 fd-a 

^ K* - K* 1 


did cd © .d -d-d-dfd ® 


K^» ^ 

d 2.0 


.O 

d3 


>> 


rd 


^ ^ . Pi 

>ddJ=X> &X!d!d3 > g 


K > > > 

- d-d-d. 1 


£i 


PiPiPiPiP, 

XJrdfd'd^fQ 

X3d!d3^fQ 


•diri^H «td 

ti__ ^ ^ ,L ‘ 


CD *4-4 


-d'd3 r _ 

* 4-1 CD CD CD CD *m 


'Tdjdr T M33Xl.dd3--r-5 

t/je*_i Ph «4_, c+_ »♦—( ^ ^ 


-d .a.d.d.d.a 


d d d*^ 

o o 0-° 

-t-l 

o o o'S 

t4t4lld 

OQO O 

. . . a 

t-4 t“ tn v r 

fd-ddi ^ 

• • • -MK 

aaaa 

o o o o 

Ph Ph Ph Ph 

<*_H «fH «*H «fH 
+3 4J+J+J 

OMD 0) O) 
<£> <D <D <D 

C*«, C+H «HH «4-( 

o o o o 

O C O O 
H Cl CO H 

©•d^ © 

^•C.dJdJ 

d3d3d3 


^dididl 

W C- - Cj_ Pc -4 


CO Oi 
lO kO 

iC> kO 


© rH Cl CO 

H10 50 1' 

CO 

© © 

i-H 

ClCO^kO©l-CO©©^HClCO-H 

kC 

© X © © 

H Cl X -4< 

© © © © 

© © © © 

© 

© L- 

L- 

L- c- f L- L- t- t- CC 00 CC CO CO 

00 

X X X X © 

© © © © 

kO kO kO »o 

kO kO kO kO 

kO 

O kO 

kO 

kO kO iO kC kO kO kO kC kO kO kC kO O 

kO 

kO kO kO kO kO 

4- 4- 

kC kO © kO 











































































































































TABLE III — West Branch of Croton River—( Continued ). 


40 


02 

24 

Cj 

3 

© 

P? 


24 

O 

O 

20 

f—i 

c3 

a 

cfl 

a 

o 

- 


© d 
© u 
•w-O 

£a 

« 2 


o d 

© a 

ss 

® o 

O u 
P.J3 

a 4 -* 
o ® 
d 

og 

Us 

£2 

a* 

Ur-* 

^ 03 


* U • rH 

Sh 

Cw ^ 

^cC3 


••* O 
44 -M 
o d 

Q.^ 

£g 

s ? 

o£ 

-M H 

® d 
® (>. 
«4—1 i 

d 
® w 
© d 

<drC 

t»;; 

•- d 

a «s 


•* d 
S3 o . 

•a 

„ tj'O 8 do 

dt'.'ddJH.fc-o 

si? 

did g d h ► >, d' c,c> 
WPhoqW CC 


-1-4 

(H 

a 

24 

o 

o 

u 

2d 

«t-i 

O 

24 

d 

d . 

2d 24 


o S 

a-^ 
o - 

23 a 

® o 

r-iSl 


G ® 

d © 
02^ 
24 © 

2 > 
_S<G 


d 

t-i 

d 

20 . 
►4 

•go 

o t-, 
2^ 
^a 

8 ^aS 

Z o a 

o O d -M 
^ & <B <X> 

Ua" 

dO® 
d tH © 

“'■"cd 


24 

o 


. ft 1 

1 p 


PQ 


-m S‘ 

^a-Sd 
'd o ,, >» 

® l 

Jh«h r* P 
'"O -*—< QZJ Sh 
fl <D • C3 

d ®i?2o 
-d d^d 
®£® d 
dis £ d 

OPrH 


d 

o 

a 

b£ 

d 

o 

o 


02 

® 

tl 

Sh 

d 

23 

© 

02 

3 

d 

o 

P4 


Td 

W 

d 

t>. 

■ 

d 

c3 

rO 

CO 

d 

•fH 

d 

s-< 

24 

O 

O 

•H 

tt 


d 

£ 

o 

H 


® ® ® ® ® 

aaaa a 

S—i S—i ?-h S—i Sh 
Cw c3 d Cw d 

QQOO Q 


® ®® ©do®®® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® 

a aa aaaaaa a aaaaaaa 

S-i ?h S-i £-< !h Jr Jh Sh Jh Ih m »h m h Jh 

d dd dddddd d ddddGdd 

O OCJ oooooo o ooooooo 


— 

® 

d 

t> 


aa :& 

d d ;r£ 

2323 _ 2 
d d d d 

Lj ^ 

00.2^ 
ai t W 

t-. tn 1 ^ . 


Jh 

o 

o 

® 

02 

w 


a 

02 


® 
d 
d 
Ih 

. <u 
^ 02 

«w 


® 


c -t-^ TT 
S ® ® 


ffl * : : u d 
® d . . si 3 
d ® • • d 02 

a) ® • -cq a 
O Jq ® ® . > - g 

c c 3o H S a ^3£o" 

P^OOcgEh <1 

fii-iffiffiSo W "di-jOfi p4hjw 


tJC 

cn • a 
^ c s § 

sw >. Aa <X) ^ 


•saij 

rH • • • 



•sesjoji 

• Cl rH Cl d 

• 




H Cl CO 


•SAIOQ 


® 

® 

d 

d 

-t-j 

ai 


IM 


tOlMtO 
rH <M 


r o r d r dr-- 
d d d a 

o o o s 

c-aag, 

hltXbtf.. 

d d a g 
o o o » 

a a a d 

esso 


® ® ® + - > 
02 ® ® ® 
® 

O ® ® e *~ H 

o o © © 

HMrt® 


dJ 

d3 

d 

o 

a 

u 

d 

o 


o 

S-I 


® 

® 


o 

lO 


di didd 
dJ d^dJ 


d 

o 

a 

tr 

d 

o 

a 

o 

Ih 

«*-l 

+3 

® 

® 

«t-4 

O 

kO 


r d'd 
d d 

o o 
aa 

til be 
d d 

o o 

aa 

o o 

S-< ^ 


0 ) o 
o o 


O' HO 
kC cs 


3 

•24 

. . • 

2= 

;22 

. • • 

TS 

I'd 

I^dH 

d 

• d 

. d d 

o 

• o 

• o o 

a 

I a 

• aa 


O Cl c* «o 


^24 ^’7^ bi br 
gogged 

aaaaaa 

o g O O o o 

r-i C f-i tn Sh tn 
«+-i «t-< C4—( ^ «4—( 
-I—> *•”' *-i +j +J -iJ 

d-kJ ® 02 ® ® 

® ® ® © ® ® 
Ct_| ©<^!^t4_t4_, 

® t * — * o ® o ® 
® o o © © >o 

HlOt-HlOH 


o 

a 

bt 

d 

o 

a 

o 

w 


© 

© 


n d 

d 

o 


CM CM 


i-t -t< lO 
H H C4 


r O 

d 

o 

a 

m 


bl^ -g 

a o OrS o o o 
O O U<Zi o o o 

i-j a- 0 ^ a a a 

rt dJ „d 2 d!d: 

2 d a d d d 

o d © o d d d 

Sh O Lj.Sh O O O 

tw t_c =+—I **—I G W tH 

C *" H j i *♦—' c 4—< *4—< 

O O ®-P-P4J 

a) ® o a> © © a> 

«4-w <X'V— <*-w <x> o o 

©^ © 0 ' M ' M ' f - 1 
© © lO © © © O 
H CO ri i-i O 1C lO 


S-dJ 

d © 

2 m 


© 

d ® 
dco 
o 

•H 

s© 

a_d 

O ' -1 

a o 
+-> 

J-T a 
©•^ 

a ® 

s bi 

C 8 53 

O d 

•d • 

*»—i ©t> 

© © 
bi ®-M 
d © 53 


® 

3 

d 

•*-> 

in 

. b 
© a 

►y< 0 ? 

rS > * 

oj.G <D 

a-dS 

o d n 
ijdB 

+* (D.S 

O ^ 

a> o 2 

^ fl 

-2d!i3 1 

^©d i 
© wj < 
< 




»d 

AC ^ 

c u, 

9 d 


- 

1 ®r 

OjP 


© 

a 

»-. 

d 

O 


»o 

00 

00 


L— 

d. 

C3 

s 

si 


>» 

di 

a 

h 

d 


d sS 
g 3 'd 
•d •>-< 
© © 
d - 
© © 


O O 
© 


© 

24 

d 

hq 

«H 

o 

24 

d 

Cw 

3 

d 

O 


24 

d 

3! 


© 

© 


w 

Cl 


d d 

d5 T3 

«*—1 »l-H 
© © 
d d 

© © 

3 3 

© i/ 

24 24 
d d 

a a 

o o 


<X> 4-> 
<y **-* 

©L_W 

o 

o o 

rH d 


•uorjRAOjg; 

020202*23 d d 02 in 0223 022323 2 d * 02 0223232323 23 

: 23 

■sSaipimqino 

b 

b by 
b 
b 

b by 

b by 

b 

b 

b by 
b by 
bby ! 
pv 
bby 
b 

bby 

b 

b | 
b by 
pv 
bby 
b by | 
b by | 


b 

pvs 

•sosnoji 

'dd * S £ a -d-i SSra^-d’d 23 a?!Td23-c232323 

^ Vj ^ 

(Jl Cfj 


Moqmn^j 


5OCt-00 
C5 Ci Ci Ci 
kO >o lO 1C 


Oi 

Oi 

1C 


o 

o 

o> 


r-H Cl 

o o 
o> o 


CO LO C t- CO 

o o o o o o 

C iO O O iO o 


o 

o 

o 


C H Ol CO iUO «o 
rH i-H r-H 1 -H rH rH rH 
O O O SO ZD OD O 




















































































































41 


© 

44 

d 

a 

o 


© 

© 

a 

© 

© 

tt-i 

<s 

Cl 

Ci 

cS 

PQ 


© 

M 

d 

a 

o 

Cl 


© 


44 _ 

q o 

a «4-h 

rO (X) 

g£ 

e> 

c3 C 

mm 


d 

o 

d 

G 

«8 . 
pO d> 

p* 

•r o3 
cO 1 —' 

a a 

p3 «i-H 

. W ca 

© cl 

44 • • >i 3 _ 

a d ce^P c 


c n 


,© ci cj^ 


O t4—. • * rr-j 

£ c °©- 

© a a 2 -< v 

d co - 0 

"4343 — 

fl _ _ CD ^ 

£og?^° 

adds 

ScOrii^P 

mmmo m 


© 

44 

d 


-o 

J© 

4 -J 

d 

o 

a 

o 

Ci 


© 

© 

«l-l 

o 

© 


© 

44 

d 

O 

4-> 

d 

•pH 

d 

o 

Ci 

43 


44 

O 

O 

Ci 

43 


c3 

a 


44 

O. 

O 

Ci 

43 

a 

o 

c, 

«♦—i 

-m 

© 

© 


^H 

cn 


13 

qq 

-*-> 

a 

© 

4i 

a 

0 . 
i © 

^ X 

4J a 
® 0 
® 2 

«*H 

<d 

13 

(h 

d 

>. 

d 

fcr 

e3 

>» 

• 

d 

d 

43 

© 

•Sh^ 

Li 

0 i 

rrH O 

d >• 

G 

cfi 

43 

13 

d 

C3 

X 

_d 

CO 

4 

13 

44 


d d 
b, 3 

d 

4i 

O 

O 

0 . 

o3 0 

o3 

Sh 


mo 

m 

m 


13 

Ci 

ci 

0. 

I 

d 

Ci 

d 

a 

o 

Sh 

d 

•H 

c3 

Cl 

13 

"cO 

a 

CO 


c 

© 


S3 *-• S ci 

^ a> X ^ 


ft: 

• i 

Pc 

c 


d a 

c 


a ' 

■a I? 

id^ 


** . . 
fibCOi 


, “s S 

. ® o c a 

^me^m 

-fi«gm 


Jh 
<D 

•pH 

d 

© 

131313 
d d d 

- 2 2 2 ® x 

g >;i£ a a a>‘s 

2 © © >• >. c? £ ^ 
3,a44 ci ci a ® ® 


© 

44 „ 
© © 
©13 


3)0000 

£££££aqqqqqqqqq 
,-^^,-^0000000000 
ooodowmwwwwwuiww 


mm 

mm 


© 

a tt'd’s 
o c a d 


•«* ■—• »h «w •«. -* “1 L^- 1 /.-! j -1 m k—■ 

Ph /j.^PhPhPh^^ — P^.S Gh-3 ^ 

C/ijP^ g CO gHH 


7 CO 

k ^ 
ci ci 

• T ^H &H 

*E-H 


H ta x 

MHH 
— r=ipc; 


& 
,g 

It! 

ffifi 


_ x 
o< a 
c-d 
ca 
43 C- * x 


t>, >> a >*» 

4)1.2® 
— 33 44 31 
ci ft'.. 

a p a 


2 £ c b rc v - •— a 

^asllfii 

^KQhJ^WWEh 


O O C/ 0-<X'O^'l' < D 

flfldcaacdd 

©©©©©©©©© 

oo35o3doo 

<D<D<DO)<DO<X><1<D 

cqcqcq^cqdi_'^w 

aaaaaeaaa 

cocooocoo 

CiCCi-CCCCC, 


<X> <X> <X» 'X* <X^ <X< <X4 <x> 


LO 40 kC to iO ic kC lO LO 
<M CJ Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl 


ci 



r O 

'“0 

13 

• H-t 

•rH 

• rH 

© 

© 

O' 

d 

d 

d 

© 

© 

© 

O 


O 

© 

© 

© 

44 

44 

44 

H 

t-H 

ci 

m 

m 

m 


r~* 

H 

d 

c 

C 

0 

O 

O 




<4-4 

<4-H 

<4-H 

•m 

4-i 

4H 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

<4H 

<^H 

«4H 

kO 

kO 

O 

Cl 

L— 

kO 


CO 


CO CO 


• Cl CO CO rH 


T* Cl Cl ci • CO Cl Cl ci 


O kC ov- 

c* Cl Cl 


'O^kOO 

’ CM P-H 


ci ci d ci d '. d ci d d ci cz^r* 

'S'3'd'd'd •~3’S'CJ r d — 'd4343 O 43 JC 43 43 43 43 43 


© © © 


© © © © © 
33333 
© © © © © 

5o 

© 


© © © © © © 
333333 
©©©©©.© 


©OO ‘'diOOOOi 


© © © © 

_ 44 44 44 44 


C 


•i ’•’W Ci ••» «4 

s d 2 a s 

Eoppo 


©*J. 

©•t-l« 

^~ © © © © 
LO kC kC iC o 

L- Cl rH Cl Cl 


in e<-H 


©. 

©<■ 


m © © © © © 
2 44 44 44 44 44 
r* x d d d a 

^888 54—1 ^ 

a o o 3 ° c 

f 1- ^ L 

*— «4—« <4—t «*—( 


> U 


P O 

ChOh 

© © 
X X 
fi 4 
C O 

XK 

a s 

c o 


03313 
-dd 
033 
• Op 
‘rP-.P-i 
© © 
i 4 H 

^ O c 

3 a d 

4 3 3 

•- 1 o c 


'-S3 ~ S313 “3 

d a d a d d 
oocooo 

OHftpHftftOH 

© © © © © ©4f 
c d d d d_g g 

aaaaaaa 

OOCOCO; 


4444 

o c 
o o 

4< 4 
4343 


44 

O 

o 

•—I 

_o 


t— 

3Cfl 

o c H 


i.. V- «4—I 


£ o 


4J *J-P ~ +4 
10 0 0^0 
■< O' X» <£>^ (I) 

^ CfH «*-H <«—( 

iO lO kO »o / 

ci H H H' 


43.ffl.44®', 


< jJ — —-< 4-4 4—» 4 — 1 4-^ 4— 4— 

•©•“|* M ®©©©©©*3 
‘ - ' © © © © ® 
t|_m_c^,e^i © 

'©©©©©©©©o©©_ 

CCOOOOlOOOOOO 


© © + J 
© Z ® 
4<H 1> 

© c 1 " 
© © © 
rH OT ItS 


kO 

00 

00 


00 


e 

s 

ss 

,a 


© 

Cp+JH+J 

u d d d d 
a © © © © 
oW«2W 


w 

d • : o 

Oh X i ' 

x-g— © a 

N 

dp.2 . d 




CO d CO kO Cl 


Cl Cl Cl Cl 


OOkOlOO 
Cl pH H ci H 


44 

c~> 

13 
d 
d 

o 

44440,4444 
O O O O 

O O ® O O 
©, ©, x u *. 
4343 g4343 

a as a a 

o o a o o 

•- 4 , d i- •_ 

«*-4 «4-H 0 <*— «+-l 
w 4-4 -4_) 

<D <D 0/ 

04 0) 0> O 

«♦—I «*-H e*-. «4-H 

00000 

00000 

pH Cl P“H ipH t-H 



I , rd rd .d X X rd XXX 1 

43 X 43 X X43 4343 43 ^43 ^-43-a X X X434343 


pv 

pv 

b 

b 

b by 
pv 
b 

b by 
pvs 
b 
pv 
PV 

^^£>43 4343. >>^^43 43 43 -434343 

4= 4 ^ 42^42 && 43'4343 43 ^43454343 

r orr»,—#^_»r—*^ Gd p ^- Gh — 4 rrtTi^ p-h_g. q rj-Xu pH_q_q«-*^jq-q^q-q -q-qpq^ 

S g l32~Ci3l3 r i3p*-- ( --5Sa'O^S' £:! -- T; ^'M-— 


XCJOHdCC^iCChCCCiOHCl 

H H Cl Cl ^1 Cl Cl Cl Cl ci Cl ci CO CO CO 
000000000000000 


CO'fkCOt- 

CO CO CO CO CO 

00000 


6 



























































































































































TABLE III — West Branch of Croton River—( Continued ). 


42 


Cfi 

v 

d 

a 

© 

Ph 


T3 

Vi 

d 


d 

d 

in 

.d 

d 

Jh 

"O 

O 

O 


,d 

O 

O 

Vl 

d 


d 

a 

in 

a 

o 

Vi 


© 

© 


a £ 

a ja 

cc Pa 


dl 

© 

a 

23 

a 

o 

V 

I 

-v> 

© 

© 

Vh 

O 

•o 

nd 

v 

d 

t>. 

i 

d 

Vi 

d 

d 

'd 

d 

cs 

d 

V 

d 

PP 


©4 

O 

O 

V 

d 

a 

o 


© 

© 

V-l 

d 

© 

-»-i 

‘v- 

Pa 


d 

£ 

o 

E-i 


4J4J4J4Jp4J+-‘-P*-iJ+JP'P4J+J-P-P+J4-‘-P-P 

dddddddddcdddddaddddd 

©©©©©®®©i©®®©®©®®©©©® 


V 

© 

d 

£ 

O 


in 

•—i 

O 

d 

© 


V V 

© © 




^■d- 

ra © 

v» •—> i> Pa Pa 

~PP^ V V 


© 

% 

o 

o 

in 


4-> +-> 

d d 
© © 


© ■ 


m 

© d 
- - O 
d d w 
o o d 5 


d 

o 

u. __ 


J d a r oddd^ »2 

■. v >■ or, ©*© 




.S • -i> 

PP 




lO 

00 

00 


05 


« 

s 


•satj 


•ses.ioji « : ^ 


•savoo 


© 

ci 


' © 
• Cl 


© 

© 

d 

© 

m 


dd 

a^j 

H .2 

„® o 
JjS dPa 
c « © 

O © -J3 

d^g 

dSffi 
» c - 

p V G 
v«w d 
-vig 

X x . 

<X) «*—< 

o o o 

kCHiO 


- Cl CO 


lO CO o o 

Cl rH 


•Ml* 


c n 


:jD ~> 

cd^ go 
gog^ 

g s» g © © 

aaaJli 

r d 301 K 


CO 


10 

Cl 


o x x 
% a a a 

h g .* J £ 

•5 W H - 

gddd 

d d d' 
r- d d d 

a - o o 

O — S-< 


d CO rH Cl 


OOOICH 
C< H H Cl 


+2 c 

<X HJ -4-3 

(X X X , 

H 0 'lie 

© e ~ e ~c 5 © 

O O 10 o o 

H IfJ l- H H 


jd • • • • Jd 

.d ©dddd o-d-d 

©n©©o©a©© 

aPdc=a3dd 

c^iHCicicicii-iC^ri 
a * a h a a o s— 2 h 

o' £:& f a f £ o?^ 

c cj 

OuOCCOiiOO 

'H'H Ph «4-l J- S- *h S-«fH ^ !X 

4_> 4 _> e *H 

X X '*- > X + J •*-* '*- J -*-• X -H 
X X X x X X X X X X 
:h«*h X c *-< XXX X «*-« XX 

OOiOOOOO»OOiOOOO 

lOHrirllOHlOt-lCl-COiniO 


X X 


•aoi^RAejg; 


in in tn in: it 1 aid3d3-d'r 1 ^J n 
** 


in n in si in in ^ n m 


«i-i r««—t 

od 0 

P4 

0 

O 

© 0 © 

O 

r d vid3 

• V 

*H ^ *rH 

CO^ C/2 

of 


Ed 

© ® a-s § 

O O «3 O g 

^a 

dO 03 

Vi Pel & n 

1:3 a 

Q dig q£ 

rt 0 O cdP 

rO <H 

i ^1 «4H rH 03 

a§ 

C/2 

. «+H 


d 

d 


c a 

cc 


J—I »^H X ' X 

-o v'r ^ a 

+j d ® d o 

t/J r*> ^ ►*> V 

© 1 «d L 5 * -1 
1 -, d 1 d +J 

P- V ^ d © 

_ ©+f d © 
d^ d^3^ 

§^£-d a 
VXJ p* © © 

vdvdiJ 
-v> cs - d - 
© d3 
«£ d d d d 
' i - V O v O 

O © V 13 V 

SPP P5 


a 

gg 

‘h'h 
-4-3 IO 

x ^ 

X >* 

^ > 
d'r 1 • 
g d 9 

4 -i rH Cfl 

03 dJ g 
v a 2 
d d -7 

all 

dC^ 

PPWc» 


O 

rt S 

•J «3 

*■§ 

r& 

©dl 

>PP 
°cd 
© 
in r 
d 
o 

d) 


1-0 

d 

d 


'd 

0 d V 
© © 
d t> 


d 

o_ 

-©V 
V _ 

© O 

. G S.a 

= -s 
>• > 


V 

O 


a 

1 

£ 

d 

cn 


r O 

r-H Vl 


d 

d 

co 


cc 


r, 

© 

"d 

a 

OD 


d3 
d 

© 

d-d © 
©■fi d 
’eo.^-Et 
d d O 


d 


d 



d 


CO 

d 

Cl Cl Cl 



Cl 

Cl 

Cl 

• CO Cl 



O 

10 

»o 

HlCO 




Cl 

Cl 

rH 

Cl 




d 

d 

d 

d d d c 

: 



Sh 

0 

0 

0 0 0 0 a 


dD 

-*-> 

■P 

-*—3 4— 1 -4—i 4 — 

0 



0 

0 

O O O C -H 


d3 

r*r 

Ih 

O d- 1 - s_ 

0 


d 

0 

O 

OvOOa 


d 

f • 

, • 

• * »* e_! * 


6 

O 

Ph 

d 

d 

dd-dd d 
. . . •■£* 

s- 



© p- 

n 


v 

o 

K 


a 

c 


© 

© 

«+H 

o 

o 


X 

X 

« 4 H 

o 

»o 

CO 


a a a s ^ 

oopog 

S- Sh -H 1_ o 

«+H e«-H «fH ^ 
•P4->-P4j' W 

X X X X 4 - ) 
X X X x X> 
a—. e*—, c*-» c ^_1 X 

o © c o' 1-1 

C © O O in 
COlOOJdd 


-d d d dddd cn 


X 

X 

© 

x : : : : 


a 

a 

a 

!h 4-3 4-a 4-3 4-3 

1 


t-i 

?H 

a a a 0 

d 

a 

0 

cS 

O 

h; 

O 

rH X X X X 

Gwwww 

© 

W 


>. 

© 


CZ2 


tfl 

o 

PH 


o 

d 

d 

d 

d 

d 

O 


•sauipiitiqino 

b by 
pv 
b by 
pv 
b by 
b by 
b by 
b by 
pv 
b by 
PV 
pv 
b by 
pv 
b by 
b by 
b by 
b by 
b by 
b by 
b by 

>k 

x 

X 2 

b by 

b by 

>. >> „ . 


•sosnou 

« 4 H Ct«H Cfi C 4 H *H «*H C /2 ^ W « 4 H ^^< 4 ^« 4 -. 4 -<< 4 —|«+-,< 4 H 

-a 

« 4 H 

<H-I 

.3 

<H 

--ddd^ 

VH=— tf} ^ 

d m 

6 

OOr.OH'M^^iCCt'COCiCH?lcC^»OOt'X 

CO^CO?DCO^OCD* 0 « 0 «DCOOC^CCOCC« 0*>0 

Ci 

IO 

O 

099 

*H 

O 

Cl !<) -H Ifi !D 
©©*©©© 
© © © © © 

r- 

O 

0 






















































































































43 


xfi 

d 

•H 

d 

u 

dJ 

33 

Cl 

ri 

Ci 

® 

> 


a 

o 

c, 


© 

® 

v- 

Cl 

® 


o 2 
22 
•o^ 

a si 

a a 

m 02 

a a 

22 


© ® 
2*2 
>. >> 


33 
c. 
d 
tx 

i-Oflfl 

2d 2 2 

cC-a ES 1 ? 

« E-H 


44 

o 

G 

Ci 

42 

78 

a 

Cfi 

a 

o 

Ci 


© 

© 

<i-i 

© 

> 

cC 

i 

tx 

-c 

a 

© 

Bs 

H 


-H © ' 

<2 ©43 

K ji-P 

5*2 o 

H Ci cl 

0 . 

®33 
. © 




<o 


© 


tx >> 
Cl Cl 
© © 
© © 
o o 
c, c, 

CO 


33 

Ci 

d 

tx 

i 

a 

Ci 

a 

42 

a 

o 


d 

c 

73 


02 


w 

© 

.a o 


© 


a a o 
© 
r 4 • *• 

-p ^ 

Cw »r-H 


£3243°^ 

43 O d-H o 

txfto M'S 

o 43 

P -S"d"d 


c 

43 


w 


44(^1 

o 
o 
c 
42 


« © 4_> 

2 tx © 
a c -pi 

S| & 

t 3 «.“= a 

© d CxJ-p a 

: 2a2'str S p 

S itP'M J ^ 


>. 
. Cl 

’d -2 

a © 

&g 
a ® 

C 33 

i a 

©43 
© © 
*~ C 

a 0 

©41 
■*- © 

PhS 


tx 

t> 

•rH 

£ 2 . 

O 

£ 


© 

a 

o 

tx 

£ 

o 


-+-> 4^1 +J *j-|_i. 




a 

aaddddddaoddda 

a 

add©© 

© © a a a 

d 

© 

©©©©©©©©©©©©©© 

© 

© © © © © 

© © © © © 

© 

W 


W 


wwwww 

W 


© 

oS 

43 © © 


© 


© 

44 

O 

£ 

© 


© 

'o 

O 


H O 


g-J P © © H 2 , 44-5 2—3 

g^SiS&SgS’ge.S* 


CXC/^P^PcOH-i 


H «x' 

” /-s * - 

^r^H' 


CO 

a 

© 

43 

a 

© 

02 


33 

a 


© 


©CO a 

®+'+ j ©'_j 

a ® ®435 
fcsa&l 
£ a a © g 

2 ~ © © -m a 

E-Hpqpqccpi; 


5 q a 


a • a co <m 


<N Cl 


a 

G 

-t-i 

O 

6 


a a 
c o 

+J *-> 

c o 

*— Jh 

OO 


CO 


’ft 

CO 


CO CO 


10 GO CO 


'O ; • ^ 
£l . d d 
7 ' O C 
S. ^ -I— 

^-pc 

5 acc 


CO CO ■ 


10 10 10 
ci 


sac 

00 c 




4444 

C G 
G G 
c, c. 


O 

Ci 


© 

© 


o 

0 


c a 
o 2 
© © 


© © 
<1 © 
<1-1 <1—1 

o © 

c © 

r-l Cl 


d d 
O G 


®f-© 5 -« • 

2 : 5 ,ppq'->;?;?> 

Sasaa 

® p p C c 


a 

c O 


OOOP 

^jS 

a a a • 

O r <— c 

r ©_ 


d d d 
. O O G 
- ■*—• -*—> -*—> 
'COO 

?cc6 


o> o 
a> a> 

®«-H «♦—1 « 

o c 

O G 1 

Cl CO - 


4-> 4-> 

■*—**"* <X) <b Qj CJ 

© © i- © © © © 


1-1 © 


: c i 


_ in 

ci ic fi f 11 - 


© 
© 

©©©_ 
© © © c 

r-iHCOlC 


’ ’ ' 1/1 

c: 2 

O d 

>■»• a a 
aaa|a 

C O C il o 
© C Ch *<—1 C 
<1—1 <1_[ <1—1 

®+-; 

© © © © © 
© © ©<a © 

«fH «4—I «4-i ^ I 

o 

o © 1C o »o 
ic »n t- ic ci 


LO 

00 

00 


C- 

e 

•*«o 

o> 

s 

•? 


.~3 

>1 • o 

© ' o 

r —* 1_ ► r-< 

‘d © r- © © 

5444444 Ci 

25 c © © © 
. d c a a 


<M © CO (O 


d • 

op 

£0 


ddddccaddddd 

©©©©©©©©©©©© 


©/ 


© 

Cl 

cQ 

44 ^ 
aa-j © © 
aa.^c 
oOid * 


^ a o o 2 
.;Oo? 

a a 5 3 2 

CpGC P 


<X> 2 o O' o 
G © C O) © 

tHVitHtwPn 

O © O O © 
C © C LO »o 
H r-i CO t —1 Cl 


6 

3 


© 
© 
p—I 

© 

© 

10 


► ^ •* 
_ _ 


"©44 • •73'^r©! -<-3 

a © i' 3 d d d 3 d 

c d q p • a o o o d o 

-Paa :cc.a&oH, 

® a_^>^"©®®' i, ®.. 

2i© i -1 — "© © -c <-> +- © -c44 
c sr - — o +j o 

; c a a C-P43 43a—Ja o 

Cc CC a dr - H 

rdSaa^aeapaa 
•?a000 3 G00p00 

■ ! c CiCCipCCiCiOcCi 
— 1 CC- — V- S— < 1 —1 <<—I Cl—I CV-CH 


cS;,t'^£'»4©o®+i®® 

aa<ap©®©p©®®p©© 

u. «. <f_i (X) V— <—I c,— © <|_ <1-1 •-_ ©<t_<i_| 

a ©© t *^©©o v ~©©©'—© 0 

1 0 >r. oomcooioiooo 

''"CIlMnr-IOHHHt-HH 


c = 


co © 54 l 4 l 43 cC(/ J « 3 cC 434 l 43 cc 4 l-a-aa 2 cCcc 41 ©l 4 l 4343434343 43 


33 tf. 43©343 WWW ©434343 

J>» k*» k^kA. t>. K ^ i>> J>i £>k \>i 

42 42 4243 42 42 £ 4>42 4242 £ P 42 42 42 P P £42 42'42 ,0 42^4242 

42 4242 424242 ^ 4242^42 £'“^'“424242 4242424242 



>> I i p>i 

a C - .**►*■ • — C' >42 k» 

^ a ; a a -'aa^a 3 

plS r ^ l —j^jasS-^-d 

U— 1 y“j<H (/. C/l ^ •'H ^ CO X«HVx!h c*_C 4 _h v-. «*—I « 4 -H 

d ©a 3 <d tX- 3 ^ 2 , G„ , 33 r G©i , G^ ( 
d —— oj © © cc x" * cr.<© a” 

cc 05 ©HClW'f»OCt- 0005 ©H<?l CO •+< O O t- CO C- © H Cl CO -H 

G G l- L— l- t- L- t- t- t- GO OC CO CO CC -X CC X CO X G G G G G 

G gggggggggggggg g GGGGG cCGGGG g 

•f- 4 — 


LC O t- CC d ©H Cl CC ^ IC 0 

G G G G G O © © © © © © 

G G G G G L- t'- L- t'- L- L— 






















































































































































TABLE III — West Branch of Croton River—( Continued). 


44 


CO 

P 4 

u 

d 

a 

© 

pH 


Td 

u 

dp 1 

2 d 
G Sh 

rO 03 

d^ 

$a 


o 

o 

>H 

Pd 

a 

o 

u 

© 

© 

d 

© 


■ © o 

* S 

, d , *-i 

4 2 d 

^•s 


o 
o 

-a 

jT >r ' © 

X © Sv 

-!j --'"d 

•© 03 » 
POX 


co 

© 

•p-H 

c 

pd 

o 

© 

in 


tv 

d 

i 

d 
a 
d 
Pd 

^ d 
© d 
© >. 
a .5 

© tv 

OPh 


P 4 

O 

O 

In 

Pd 

"d 

a 

co 

a 

© s 

d**- 1 

O+j 

u© 

&& 

c £ 


TJ 

Sv 

d 

P*. 

■ 

d 

tv 

d 

Pd 

a 

o 

Sh 


d 

tv 

^3 


d 

a 

02 


d 

£ 

o 

H 


• o o o o o o 
:oqoooo 

; CO CD CO CO CO CO 

• CO CO CO CD CD CO 
•©©©©©© 
-,a,dPdPdPdPd 

1 4 -> :jOXXXX'*“ )4 - , '*- j 

G G G Q ■*->+-' «-»-M 4 -* 1 G G G 

©©©©dddddd©©© 

WWMWQQQQfiftWWW 


. CO 

: : ::::::::::::::: :oo 

• • cc co 

. CO CO 

.© © 

.pppd 

+H -l-J 

ad cdddddddadddCBdd*-«- j 

©® ©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©aa 

MW MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMSfi 


Ph 

© 

d 

O 




-d 

o 


© 


>. >> 

© © 


<— *vv w 

S *- a 


a ‘ 


d a ^ 
d © © 


d mpp d d ji a a 


02 


d i, s " c ©'H^jco " 

c vSadgi: a 


2 ki-l^ S d d dgjC .„• d 
. M ®^ 0202 Gh ^ gPP 02 

Q P* £-i Ph Ph i-a h 4 O ^ <3 


lO 

CO 

oc 


<M 


© © 

ca 

b d d 
2 © © 
s pppp 

.5 i^i-3 


•s^U 


<M • • • • ^ 

• • • • • • 

j j 

Cl • • 

CJ • • co • • • • 

•S9S.IOH 


C1HC1C1C1H 

■ • 

Cl CO d H H • • 

CO • 

e* • »-h 

Cl • • • Cl Cl • H d <M 

• • • • 


"SAVOQ 


H d CO c O O 

tH rH <M 


x 

x 

G 

-M 

co 

5 


O ^ O CO Cl 
C1C1C1 


co CO 

g a 

5 G 


-d 
-m *-» G 
4^ +-> X 
•p *G 4 -» 

^ .-H J. 

U S-.G 

a> © g 

HS« 


2 

_ 1 . ;©> .^>, 
?“ c © ©~v^ 

s5«5£sS£-e| 

02 ^ 6 fipH XMl-sQl-S 


(M lO O 






PP-d 
O O 

22 

Pdpd 

aa 

o o 

tv t. 


© © 
© © 

© lO 

»© t- 


O © C 

c c o 

hLI< 

Pdpdpd 

aaa 

o o c 

tv ti tv 
tH>>-Vi 
P-Pvj 
© © © 
© © © 


P<'©P 4 rM 

O o c o 
o a o c 

a o «-, © 
d Pj d 

a a 

d o 

c a c c 

tw~ I* a 


aa 


4 * 

O 
O 

Pd 

-d — 

O d ° ° 
C c O o 
a a u a 
Pd COPdpd 

aaaa 

o o o o 

s- © a © 


d d 
O O 

•p •*-> 

° P 
66 


d d a c^jdpdddpd^dxpdpd. 

O O C ivH (—« rrH ■." 1 r*~* - 

v-> o ^ 5 © a ^ 3 


p i)pp 
© © © ® 
1 v_ © © 


© © © © 
© © © © 


©O©^©^©©©© 

ic©©icio©m©©o© 

HHClL-Hlfll^COr^rtH 


t-l 

pdPd 

pPtP 

aa 

c c 

s_ s-. 


© © 
© © 


© in 
m l— 


^dd 2 p 2 Pd 

__ w _ _ _ _ _ _ dd~Td-C 

ooaddd-aaaadddaaaa 

t- - —o CCOccOCCOCOdO© 
O O Q ^ Ph Ch Ph pp Ph P-Ph Ph Ph pH PP pH pa 
d l-i v a IH -IP V PP PP -C-£ P^ PP PP PP PP *«i 
©^ 2 .a' L ’^ o©©©©©©©©©© ©"3 
_ _ .K.’gd^dddadddddd^ 

^V^55«SS»SSms5eS3S 

pgccppcapdSSHSSSEd 

aaa c cc 0 a — ooccccc 


oooipc^o^hiih^Lii? 

-H tv © Iv- U ■— c+v e*_, tv 

■a®'^')r a - ;| 32 'd!©©©©©®©©-d 

? 9 PP©®P©®®©©©© ©^ 

W O X I <14 X 1 <4—i Cp_ X , ©)-- «4-H «+—i «*—i «4—t U—< C—I O 

€ *-i ^ «♦—i o ^ ^ o O C *" H O’ O O G OOOO^ 
iCWOOOlflOiCOOOC ooooo c J 
L' L- 1C rH LO L- r-i CM lO CO CC X <-• 04 CC _h' 


•nojH*AO|a 

co coajalPd ccpd co xpdPdPd co 

coja 

^adPdPd co cr.pdpd copdxl-dpq-^da ccpd^ 

•saaipiiuq^no 

^ ^ 

^Pd ^pdPdPd ^ >pd_©pd Pd Pd 
pd pdpdpd l “ r opdpdpdXJ 

! > 

. . . • ►>■. ^ 
d.^d-a.-'-'C 

^^p:pd .« ajpdpd 

•sesnojj 

v ©j _ Pd si pd —'C jd Jd Pd Pd Pd 

w «t-V VjHCHtHd CO V-v • '<-1 *tH <t-l 

S CO 


uequmfl 

i>oocsoHci«^ic?ot-ao5 

O O O r—1 i—If—>T—If— 

O H 
Cl Cl 

ir- t- 

Cl CO 'f »tO CL- X c. O H Cl W »C cc l> CO C 
dcicicicicicicicococococococococo^ 

r— t'- L'- L— t- l> L'- t- L- L— L'- £— L— t'- L- l> 

-t— -f— 


















































































































-d M 
O-* 

la 

m p 

«d d 

®-d 
03 © 
<d <D 

o '* -1 
o o 

d lO 


add 

£££ 
o o o 

-d-d-d 
cE 03 cc 

d d Pt 




• d d d 

:S2S 

_ _ • cS cS <& 

a a a a a aS ”S 

D D D D (D r- ^ f- i r-i Q) ^ 3 1 j 

WWWMMPhM^WWPh^Pl, 


•-d 

>*+e 

eS ® u 

as 


>.£ 

® © ^ 
__ SS d^i3 

^gd^gd-g® 

® ® 2 ® d 9 


£§S|S^gfi|coPdg 

S^.SmSW £W 2’a« m . 

l-jP* Wl— HI— It-jpaSds^h-il— s’fi 


1NHN1M 


I <M 


Cl <<ot* 


(OIMIOtOHlMOn 


d d d 

000 

+J+J-P 

000 

d d d 

QQQ 

d’ d d 

X2.0,d 

-d -d -d 

03 CO CO 
® ® © 


: a 
. o 

. -d 

• o 

• d 

:o 




d d 
000 

U ^ ^ 

<4-1 <*-, <4-t 

-*S 4 J 4 S 


0000 
0000 o-£ 

*4 J-| ^ U 4 %-> 5g 

42X'X3^2X3 j® 

ssgas^ 

o o o o o a 

C*—( «*-H «4—< <4—* «4—l y 
+-> 4-* 4-*4^ 

<D<D<D<D<D 
D D D D D -M 


o 

o 

d 

PP O 
d O 

as. 

a g 

O d 

d'd < 
^-d- 

■d a) 
© © 
©w 


OOOOOOOOOOO 

OOOOOOOOOOOiOift 

ioiSiohsjhhhicohhh 


,d.d,d,d-d a m oi,d.d 0343 ® 



P*> £■*» 

X3X3 >X3X3X3X2 

■dX3 a ,0,Q,QX3 


,Q.d,d,0 


d3 rd -d -d>d -d rd -d -d irj d rd 

«*-» ^ <4-H I ^ <4—4 «*—» » «4-H ^ C/} ^ ^ 


OHC^CO^WOt-XOOHiN 




















































46 


TABLE III — Summary — (Continued). 



Croton river. 

Cross river. 

Beaver Dam brook. 

Muscoot river. 

Plum brook. 

Titicus river. 

East Branch Croton 

river, 

Middle Branch Cro¬ 

ton river. 

West Branch Croton 

river. i 

1 

Totals. 

Houses aud privy vaults. 

152 

154 

114 

89 

23 

106 

755 

180 

306 

1,879 

Barns and barnyards. 

47 

10 

58 

22 

10 

24 

182 

107 

142 

602 

Cows. 

856 

86 

460 

374 

294 

367 

3,677 

1,523 

1,801 

9,438 

Horses. 

86 

14 

159 

47 

37 

46 

472 

183 

240 

i y J z84 

Pigs. 

91' 

12 

81 

86 

48 

102 

649 

278 

154 

1,501 

Sheep . 

20 

.... 

.... 

• • • • 

.... 

.... 

• • • • 

.... 

. . . 

20 

Saw and grist-mills. 

1 

1 

1 

4 

• • • • 

1 

11 

7 

4 

30 

Cemeteries. 

1 

1 

.... 

• • • • 

.... 

.... 

1 

.... 

2 

5 

Blacksmith shops. 

2 

.... 

1 

2 

.... 

1 

11 

1 

1 

19 

Cider mills. 


1 




1 


1 


3 

Iron mines. 








2 


2 

Carriage factories. 

• • • • 

1 

1 

.... 

.... 


, . . . 

1 


3 

Slaughter-hou c es. 


1 





3 



4 

Condensed milk factories .... 

1 


• • • • 

.... 

.... 


1 



2 

Tanneries. 







1 



1 

Cement factories. 







1 



1 

Woolen mills... 






1 




1 

Miichine shops. 

1 

.... 

.... 

.... 


.... 

.... 



1 


Total number of square miles in Croton watershed. 339 

Population of Croton watershed,about. 20,000 


B. Inspection for State Board of Health — Tabular 

Statement. 

The following, Table IY, is a tabular statement of the results 
of our inspection during the summer of 1888. The first two 
columns give the number of houses and out-buildings located on 
the water-slied of each stream. The last two columns give the 
number of houses and out-buildings on each water-shed which 
deserve mention as sources of pollution from their proximity to 
the streams or from the facility with which the drainage there¬ 
from could enter the streams. These latter correspond in char¬ 
acter to those described in Mr. Lucas’ report, preceding. The 
arrangement of the table is geographical and the order of proce¬ 
dure will be easily determined by reading the main headings. 
Under each main heading, the streams flowing into the main 
stream under consideration are numbered in the order of their 
entrance into the main stream, beginning at the lower (down 
stream) end. When such a tributary 4 of the main stream has 
















































































47 


several tributaries of its own, they are distinguished by the 
small letters a, b and c, the, order being as before that of their 
entrance into the larger tributary, beginning at the lower end. 

The totals of each main heading are brought together in the 
summary and a grand total is obtained. Following this is a 
summary by towns, which gives the numbers in each town and 
county on the water-slied. In this summary a column is added 
which gives the number of cemeteries in each town. Then fol¬ 
lows a table giving the numbers in each village or collection of 
houses large enough to have a name. 

It will be observed that the total number of houses deserving 
special mention is 2,843, while the number in the report of Mr. 
Lucas is 1,879. The difference is due to two causes, the first that 
our inspection covers the entire water-shed, while his omits a 
part, as will be seen by following the numbers of his inspections 
on the map; the second is that there has been some increase of 
population in the interval between the reports. It happens that 
the greatest increase of population is at Yorktown railroad sta¬ 
tion, and in Bedford, in the neighborhood of Mt. Kisco, both of 
which were omitted from his report. The number of out-build¬ 
ings is also much greater than the number of barns and barn¬ 
yards in his report. This is due to the attempt on our part to 
give the number of out-buildings in connection with each house. 
In the absence of a detailed statement of the number of animals, 
which we had not time to get, this will give an idea of the amount 
of business done on each farm. With reference to the number 
of domestic animals it may be mentioned that Mr. Lucas’ report 
gives the number of animals pertaining to 1,879 houses as 12,243, 
including cows, horses, pigs and sheep, or an average of 6.5 
animals to each house. A consideration of the area covered by 
his inspection, as indicated upon the map, Plate I, by the numbers 
of the items in his report, will justify the bcdief that this average 
would apply to the entire water-shed, which would make the num¬ 
ber of domestic animals pertaining to houses requiring special 


48 


attention about 18,500, and the total number on the water-shed 
about 33,000. It is my opinion that this is an under, rather than 
an over-estimate of the number of animals upon the water-shed 
at the present time. 

The total number of square miles in the water-shed of the 
new reservoir is 361.82. The present population on this area is 
about 25,000. The population in any portion desired can be 
obtained approximately by multiplying the total number of houses 
on that portion by five. 


49 


TABLE IV. 

Inspection of Croton Water-shed — State Board of Health. 


Total. 


Requike 

Special 

Attention. 



Houses. 

I 

Outbuild¬ 

ings. 

Houses. 

Outbuild¬ 

ings. 

A. Croton rivei', from site of Quaker 

Bridge dam to 





Croton dam, south side: 






Into river direct. 

. Cortlandt. 

2 

7 

2 

7 

Into river direct. 

. Yorktown. 

8 

8 

8 

7 

I. 

. Cortlandt. 

4 

3 

2 

2 

I. 

. Yorktown. 

10 

19 

3 

3 

II . 

. Yorktown. 


8 


8 

TTT . 

. Yorktown . 

2 

2 



TV 





V. 

. Yorktown. 

17 

18 

8 

9 

Y. 

. Newcastle. 

5 

5 

1 

1 

Va. 

. Yorktown. 

5 

3 

2 


Vb. 

. Yorktown. 

5 

8 

4 

6 

Totals. 


58 

81 

30 

43 

Will be drowned by new reservoir. 




12 

29 


B. Croton river, from site of Quaker Bridge dam to Croton dam, north side: 



.... Cortlandt. 

l 




Into river direct. 


10 

9 

10 

9 

I. 

_Cortlandt. 

7 

5 

1 

2 

II . 

_Cortlandt. 

12 

12 

6 

1 

HI . 

_Cortlandt. 

9 

9 

5 

7 


_Yorktown. 

19 

29 

9 

10 

. 

Ilia . 

_Cortlandt. 

11 

22 

4 

2 

Hlb . 

_Yorktown. 

5 

10 

2 

3 

TTTrt . 

_Yorktown- 

4 

3 

2 


TTTrZ . 

_Yorktown . 

1 

3 

1 

3 

HIo . 

_Yorktown. 

3 

9 



III/. ( West branch from pond). 

_Yorktown. 

13 

11 

5 

6 

Ill /. 

_ Cortlandt. 

9 

15 

4 

9 

Illy. (East branch from pond). 

_Yorktown. 

38 

80 

12 

25 

TV . 

_Yorktown. 

12 

26 

7 

17 

T Vn, . 

_Yorktown. 

11 

20 

7 

13 

V . 

_Yorktown. 

7 

15 

5 

11 

VT . 

_ Yorktown. 

4 

16 

3 

12 

VII. 

_Yorktown. 

1 

1 

1 

1 


177 

295 

84 

131 

Will be drowned by new reservoir. 



35 

38 


C. Croton river, from Croton dam to Cross river, south side : 


Into river direct... 
Into river direct... 
Into river di rect... 
Into river direct... 

I. 

II. 

II. 

Ila. 

116 . 

Ill. 

III . 

Ilia. 

III&. 

IIIc.. 

IV . 

V. Kisco river. 


Yorktown. 

Lewisboro .... 

Newcastle. 

Bedford . 

Yorktown. 

Yorktown. 

Newcastle. 

Yorktown. 

Newcastle. 

Yorktown. 

Newcastle. 

Yorktown .... 

Newcastle. 

Newcastle. 

Yorktown. 

Newcastle. 


25 

22 

20 

1 


1 

2 

2 

2 

6 

7 


13 

14 

11 

7 

5 

5 

19 

20 

1 

17 

7 

9 

6 

5 

4 

o 

3 


13 

18 

4 

1 

1 

1 

6 

11 

5 

3 

14 

2 

10 

3 

10 

69 

39 

33 


29 

*2 


27 


7 


































































































































































50 


TABLE IV — ( Continued). 


C. 


Groton river, from Groton dam to 
side—(Continued): 


Ye. 


Totals. 

Will be drowned by new reservoir. 


I), Groton river, from 


Into river 
Into river 

I. 


Totals . 

Will be drowned by new reservoir. 


• 

Total. 

Require 

Special 

Attention. 

Houses. 

Outbuild¬ 

ings. 

Houses. 

Outbuild¬ 

ings. 

'oss river, south 





Bpdfrird 

l 

l 



Newcastle. 

l 

2 

l 

2 

Bedford . 

11 

11 

7 

7 

Newcastle. 

2 

6 

2 

5 

Yorktown. 

2 

l 

2 

1 

Newcastle. 

19 

21 

9 

20 

Yorlrtown 

2 

8 








Bedford. 

248 

180 

125 

95 

Newcastle. 

21 

11 

10 

6 

Newcastle. 

20 

22 

15 

15 

Newcastle. 

14 

8 

3 

5 

Newcastle. 

15 

29 

14 

28 

Newcastle. 

10 

5 

3 

2 

Bedford. 

8 

7 

7 

6 

Bedford . 

30 

23 

23 

13 

Bedford. 

10 

24 

6 

13 

Bedford. 

3 

7 

3 

7 

Bedford. 

2 

4 

2 

4 

Bedford. 

8 

16 

3 

6 


618 

557 

343 

337 




13 

12 






oot river, north side: 




Yorktown. 

11 

25 

10 

23 

Somers. 

7 

8 

5 

7 

Yorktown. 

3 

2 

3 

2 

Yorktown. 

45 

27 

23 

19 

Yorktown .... 

8 

20 

5 

13 

Yorktown. 

18 

31 

6 

10 

Somers. 

7 

10 

2 

1 

Somers. 

2 


2 


Somers. 

13 

15 

10 

11 

Somers. 

4 

4 

3 

3 


118 

142 

69 

89 




19 

23 







E. Cross river, south side: 


Into river direct(p’rt of Katonahincluded 

in next line).. 

Into river direct. 

Into river direct. 

I. Beaver Dam brook. 

Ia. 

Ih . 

Ie. Broad brook (of Westchester Co.).. 
Id . 

l e. Davis brook. 

l f. Stonekill river. 

1/. 


II . 
Ill . 
IY . 
IVa 
IVa 
Y . 


Lewisboro. 

Bedford. 

Poundridge.... 

Bedford . 

Bedford . 

Bedford. 

Bedford. 

Bedford. 

Bedford. 

Bedford. 

Poundridge.... 

Bedford . 

Bedford. 

Bedford . 

Bedford. 

Poundridge 
Lewisboro,.... 


32 

26 

21 

13 

38 

47 

32 

42 

11 

12 

8 

7 

13 

17 

9 

12 

5 

13 

3 

11 

87 

73 

27 

15 

76 

83 

33 

45 

4 

13 

2 

8 

53 

50 

14 

27 

45 

70 

16 

32 

23 

30 

11 

18 

11 

9 

4 

7 

3 

3 

1 

1 

8 

10 

5 

7 

9 

16 

3 

5 

4 

5 

1 

3 

2 

3 

2 

3 



















































































































































51 


TABLE IY — ( Continued ). 


E. Cross rive)', south side — (Continued): 

VI. Lewisboro.. 

VI. Poundridge 

VII. Poundridge 


Totals. 

Will be drowned by new reservoir. 

F. Cross river, north side: 

Into river direct (p’rt of Katonah included 

innextJine). Lewisboro.. 

Into river direct.:. Bedford. 

Into river direct. Poundridge 

I.. Bedford. 

I. Lewisboro.. 

II. Bedford. 

III . Bedford. 

IV . Bedford. 

V. Lewisboro . 

la . Lewisboro.. 

la . Bedford . 

V6 . Lewisboro.. 

VI. Waccabuc river. Poundridge 

VI. Lewisboro.., 

Via. Lewisboro.. 

VI6. Lewisboro. 

Vic.Lewisboro... 

VId...Lewisboro... 

Vie. Lewisboro.., 

VI/. Lewisboro.., 

VIg . Lewisboro.., 

VII. Lewisboro... 

VII. Poundridge . 


Totals. 


Will be drowned by new reservoir. 


G. Muscoot river, west side: 

Into river direct. Somers.., 

Into river direct. Carmel ... 

I. Somers .., 

II. 

Ill. Yorktown 

III . Somers ... 

Ilia . Somers ... 

IHfr... Somers ... 

I lie. Yorktown 

IHd.. Y r orktown 

IHe. Mohansic lakes —'..Yorktown 

Hlh . Y r orktown 

IV . Somers ... 

y " ” . Carmel ... 

VI . Carmel ... 

Via..'.'.'.'.'.'.'. Carmel ... 

VH>. Carmel... 

VI 5 .. Putnam Valley 

Vic. . Putnam Valley 

lid '.7 7.. . Putnam Valley 


Total. 

Require 

Special 

Attention. 

tc 

0> 

3 

O 

M 

Outbuild¬ 

ings. 

Houses. 

Outbuild¬ 

ings. 

6 

7 

3 

7 

12 

9 

9 

8 

12 

16 

2 

2 

454 

512 

206 

273 



11 

18 

27 

23 

6 

3 

73 

52 

41 

23 

2 

1 

2 

1 

7 

13 

2 

3 

3 

1 

1 


2 

1 

2 

1 

9 

8 

3 

4 

6 

9 

4 

4 

32 

28 

28 

18 

2 

2 

1 

2 

9 

19 

4 


7 

8 

1 


5 

2 

5 

2 

22 

26 

10 

9 

2 

4 

2 

3 

6 

19 

3 

9 

1 

3 

1 

2 

35 

51 

9 

18 

2 

5 

1 

3 

8 

6 

3 

5 

3 

4 

3 

4 

41 

33 

11 

10 

4 

3 

3 

3 

308 

321 

146 

134 



25 

27 

53 

53 

23 

24 

24 

42 

3 

4 

6 

2 

2 

2 

13 

23 

12 

16 

10 

16 

4 

3 

3 

4 

3 

4 

5 

5 

2 

3 

1 

1 



13 

9 

1 

3 

40 

70 

22 

39 

6 

8 

3 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

17 

18 

3 

5 

1 

4 

1 

4 

19 

24 

7 

14 

8 

17 

1 

1 

7 

8 

5 

4 

7 

10 

2 

2 

4 

16 

2 

8 

2 

5 

2 

5 















































































































































52 


TABLE IV—( Continued ). 



Total. 

lvEQUIBE 

Special 

Attention. 

Houses. 

Outbuild¬ 

ings. 

Houses. 

i 

2 

— H . 

' p 02 
£2 tU 

p 

P-rH 

O 

ft. Muscoot river, west side — (Continued): 

VII. Carmel. 

16 

20 

25 

18 

10 

13 

15 

11 

VIII. Carmel. 

Totals... 

277 

380 

123 

172 

Will be drowned by new reservoir. 



1 








II. Muscoot river, east side: 


V 


VII. 


Totals. 


K. Groton river, from Gross river to 


V. 


Totals. 


Will be drowned by new reservoir. 


. Somers. 

32 

33 

24 

26 

. Carmel. 

16 

4 

3 

1 

. Somers. 

9 

20 

4 

12 

. Somers. 

12 

15 

5 

7 

. Somers. 

3 

10 

3 


. Somers. 

1 

4 

1 

4 

. Somers. 

22 

26 

8 

6 

. Carmel. 

2 

5 



. Somers. 

2 

5 

2 

5 

. Carmel. 

4 

4 

1 







Carmel. 

14 

19 

’ 6 


. Carmel. 

4 

6 

3 

6 

. Carmel. 

49 

27 

40 

14 


170 

178 

. 

100 

99 

Branch, east side : 




Lewisboro. 

18 

19 

9 

12 

North Salem .. 

24 

19 

21 

14 

Lewisboro. 

21 

34 

9 

17 

Lewisboro. 

0. 

5 

1 

3 

Lewisboro. 

10 

1 

7 


Lewisboro.... 

3 

6 

2 

5 

Lewisboro. 

2 

1 

2 

1 

Lewisboro. 

36 

31 

16 

16 

North Salem .. 

16 

23 

9 

12 

North Salem .. 

2 

1 

1 


Lewisboro. 

5 

11 

4 

9 

North Salem .. 

2 

3 

2 

3 

North Salem .. 

195 

171 

131 

111 

North Salem .. 

1 

2 

1 

2 

North Salem .. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

North Salem .. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

North Salem .. 

1 

2 

1 

2 

North Salem .. 

1 

4 

1 

4 

North Salem .. 

11 

12 

5 

3 

North Salem .. 

12 

24 

3 

7 

Lewisboro. 

5 

5 

3 

2 

North Salem .. 

5 

7 

4 

7 

North Salem .. 

11 

19 

6 

12 

Southeast . 

6 

3 


2 


391 

405 

240 

246 




71 

35 





L. Groton river from Muscoot river to 

Into river direct. 

I Plum brook. 

I... 

la.. 

i.. 

16 .. 

ic. 


West Branch , west side .- 



Somers. 

4 

6 

1 

Somers. 

36 

43 

10 

Carmel. 

3 

1 

I 

Somers. 

61 

50 

23 

Carmel. 

9 

13 

6 

Somers. 

1 

2 

1 

Somers. 

23 

17 

6 


2 

12 

1 

30 

8 

2 

4 






















































































































































53 


TABLE 1Y— ( Continued ). 


L. Groton river from Muscoot river to TFe.s'i Branc 
side — (Continued): 

Id. Somers 

I®*. Carmel 

1/. Carmel 

L. Carmel 

. Somers 

III. Somers 


Totals. 


Will be drowned by new reservoir. 


M. East Branch of Groton river, east side: 

Into river direct. North Salem 

Into river direct. Southeast... 

Into river direct... Patterson.... 

Into river direct. Dutchess Co. 

I. North Salem. 

I... Southeast... 

I«. Southeast... 

I b... f . Southeast... 

lb . North Salem. 

Ic. North Salem. 

II. Southeast... 

III . Southeast... 

IV . Southeast... 

V. Peach lake... Southeast... 

V. North Salem. 

Ya . Southeast... 

Yb . North Salem. 

Yb . Southeast... 

VI. Covill’s brook. Southeast... 

Via. Southeast... 

VI&. Southeast... 

VII . Southeast... 

VIII . Southeast... 

IX. Southeast... 

X. Southeast... 

XI. Daly brook.. Southeast... 

XII. Patterson ... 

Xlla. Southeast... 

XII&. Patterson ... 

XIII . Patterson ... 

XIV . Patterson ... 

XV. Quaker brook. Patterson ... 

XV. Dutchess Co. 

XVI. Patterson — 

XVII. Patterson ... 

XVIII. Patterson — 

XIX. Patterson 

XX. Dutchess 

vXXI.. Dutchess 

XXII. Dutchess 

XXIII . Dutchess 

XXIV . Dutchess 


Co. 

Co. 

Co. 

Co. 

Co. 


Totals 


N. East Branch of Groton river, west side: 

Into river direct. Somers. 

Into river direct. Carmel. 

Into river direct. Southeast. 

Into river direct. Patterson. 

Into river direct. Dutchess Co.. 


Total. 

Require 

Special 

Attention. 

Houses. 

Outbuild¬ 

ings. 

Houses. 

Outbuild¬ 

ings. 

8 

5 

8 

5 

3 

3 



27 

18 

12 

8 

17 

12 

4 

3 

17 

7 

4 

7 

8 

11 

2 

4 

217 

188 

78 

86 



3 

2 

80 

85 

30 

46 

100 

93 

90 

68 

16 

45 

10 

32 

18 

23 

10 

13 

6 

11 

1 

1 

11 

15 

9 

9 

4 

8 

2 

1 

14 

32 

9 

16 

3 

5 

2 

4 

3 

5 

2 

3 

3 

4 

3 

4 

6 

3 

2 

1 

1 


1 


10 

* 12 

8 

12 

16 

15 

4 

4 

9 

23 

9 

23 

6 

8 

1 


3 

8 



11 

14 

11 

14 

3 

1 

2 

1 

8 

21 

4 

9 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

8 

13 

6 

9 

19 

28 

10 

15 

11 

29 

10 

28 

18 

23 

5 

5 

11 

29 

9 

24 

3 

7 

1 

6 

4 

3 

1 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

37 

56 

28 

42 

6 

13 



3 

8 

3 

8 

2 

10 

2 

10 

11 

21 

10 

21 

5 

9 

5 

9 

3 

8 

1 

3 

8 

15 

3 

4 

1 

3 



1 

3 



4 

7 

2 

1 

493 

723 

313 

455 

7 

5 

7 

5 

2 


2 


123 

61 

71 

36 

20 

29 

8 

11 

35 

53 

18 

27 





























































































































































54 


TABLE IY — ( Continued ). 


• 

Total. 

Require 

Special 

Attention. 

Houses. 

Outbuild¬ 

ings. 

Houses. 

- 1 

Outbuild- 

ings. 

N. Past Branch of Croton river, west side 

— (Continued): 





i. 

Southeast. 

5 

3 

2 

3 

II. Tonetta brook. 

Southeast. 

198 

48 

105 

24 

lie. 

Southeast. 

3 

3 

3 

3 

II&. 

Southeast. 

6 

18 

3 

9 

III. Mud pond. 

Southeast. 

38 

62 

16 

37 

Ill. 

Patterson. 

6 

14 

1 

3 

Ilia. 

Southeast . 

8 

18 

8 

18 

Ill 6 . 

Southeast . 

2 

4 

1 

3 

IIIc. 

Southeast . 

2 

8 

2 

8 

II Id. 

Southeast . 

5 

6 

4 

6 

IIIc. 

Southeast . 

6 

7 • 

3 

5 

IY. 

Southeast . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Y. 

Southeast. ... 

1 

2 

1 

2 

VI. 

Patterson .... 

2 

4 

1 

2 

YII. 

Patterson. 

1 

3 

1 

3 

VIII. Muddy brook. 

Patterson. 

42 

38 

18 

18 

VIIX. 

Southeast . 

10 

23 

6 

17 

Villa. Mill brook. 

Patterson. 

110 

105 

33 

54 

Villa. 

Dutchess Co... 

33 

30 

19 

23 

VIII 6 . 

Patterson. 

13 

35 

11 

27 

VIIIc. 

Patterson. 

43 

56 

26 

35 

VIII c . 

Kent. 

2 

3 

1 

1 

VUId. 

Patterson. 

8 

2 

6 

2 

VUIe. 

Patterson. 

2 

6 

2 

6 

VIII/. 

Patterson. 

2 

7 

2 

7 

Villa . 

Patterson. 

2 

4 

2 

4 

VIII h . 

Patterson. 

15 

18 

11 

14 

IX. 

Dutchess Co... 

15 

27 



IXa.:. . 

Dutchess Co... 

4 

11 

3 

4 

I Xb . 

Dutchess Co... 

1 

6 



X. 

Dutchess Co... 

51 

23 

49 

22 

Xa.:. 

Dutchess Co... 

3 

5 

2 

5 

XI. 

Dutchess Co... 

5 

8 

4 

7 

XII. 

Dutchess Co... 

2 

3 

2 

3 

XIII. 

Dutchess Co... 

3 

9 

2 

4 

XIV. 

Dutchess Co... 

6 

10 

3 

7 

XV. 

Dutchess Co... 

6 

17 

1 

8 

Totals. 


849 

795 

461 

474 


0. Middle Branch of Croton river, east side: 


Into river direct. 


2 

5 

2 

5 

Into river direct. 

. Southeast . 

46 

28 

43 

24 

Into river direct... 


28 

27 

26 

21 

Into river direct. 

. Patterson. 

4 

7 



Into river direct. 


17 

23 

1 

2 

I. 


11 

6 

11 

6 

II. 


11 

16 

10 

13 

Ill. 


1 

5 

1 

5 

IV. Beaver brook. 


11 

18 

9 

11 

IVa. 


3 

6 

3 

6 

V. 

. Kent. 

1 

4 

1 

4 

VI. 

. Kent. 

2 

3 

2 

3 

VII. 

. Kent. 

2 

3 

1 

3 

VIII. 

.. Kent .. 

8 

6 

8 

6 

Totals. 

147 

157 

118 

109 


P. Middle Branch of Croton rivet', vtest side : 


Into river direct 
Into river direct 
Into river direct 
Into river direct 


Carmel. 

2 

6 

1 

Southeast. 

19 

32 

10 

Kent. 

19 

19 

10 

Dutchess Co... 

5 

6 

1 


3 

26 

13 











































































































































55 


TABLE IV — ( Continued ). 


Middle Branch of Croton river, west side — (Continued): 

I. Southeast... 

1. Carmel . 

I. Kent. 

. Carmel . 

Ic... Kent. 

. Carmel . 

HI . Kent. 

IV . Kent. 

V . Kent. 

VI . Kent. 

VII . Dutchess Co. 

VIII . Dutchess Co. 

IX . Dutchess Co. 


Totals. 


Q. West Branch of Croton river, east side: 

Into river direct. Somers 

Into river direct. Carmel 

Into river direct. Kent... 


Into river direct. Philipstown ... 

I. Carmel. 

II. Lake Gilead. Carmel. 

III. Horse Pound brook. Carmel . 

III . Kent. 

Ilia. Pine pond and brook. Kent.. 

Illb. Lake Gleneida... Carmel. 

IIIc.. Carmel. 

IIIc. Kent.. 

III/. - .... Kent. 

Me. Kent. 

Ill/. Kent. 

Illg. Kent. 

IV . Kent. 

V. Kent. 

YI. Kent. 

VII. Kent. 

Vila. Forge and White ponds. Kent. 

Vllfo. Wright’s brook. Kent. 

VII5. Dutchess Co... 

VIII. Black Pond brook. Kent.. 

VIII. Dutchess Co... 

IX. Kent. 

X. Kent. 

XI. Philipstown... 


Totals. 


R. West Branch of Croton river, west side: 

Into river direct. Somers 

Into river direct. Carmel 

Into river direct. Kent..., 

I.Somers 

II. Broad brook (of Putnam county) .. Carmel 

Ila. Carmel 

lib. Carmel 

lie. Carmel 

11/. Carmel 

He. Carmel 

II/. Carmel 

III . . . Carmel 

IV ... Carmel 

V. Carmel 

VI. Long pond. Carmel 

Via. Carmel 


Total. 

Bequike 

Special 

Attention. 

Houses. 

Outbuild¬ 

ings. 

Houses. 

Outbuild¬ 

ings. 

4 

10 

2 

4 

62 

68 

29 

35 

2 

2 

1 

1 

6 

9 

5 

6 

6 

4 

3 

4 

6 

6 

3 

5 

3 

8 

3 

8 

9 

17 

6 

15 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

21 

14 

11 

7 

10 

10 

5 

3 

6 

5 

2 

1 

182 

221 

95 

136 

3 

5 

3 

5 

29 

37 

10 

18 

17 

11 

11 

11 


3 


3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

17 

27 

13 

24 

5 

7 

5 

7 

6 

8 

6 

8 

19 

25 

7 

18 

17 

19 

13 

15 

88 

38 

75 

32 

1 

4 

1 

4 

13 

24 

7 

15 

1 

3 

1 

3 

5 

7 

2 

5 

9 

14 

8 

13 

4 

6 

3 

6 

1 

4 

1 

4 

2 

1 

1 


6 

9 

4 

8 

14 

16 

4 

8 

31 

28 

27 

22 

7 

8 

6 

8 

22 

27 

8 

19 

13 

14 

13 

14 

15 

16 

7 

7 

5 

7 

3 

4 

2 

3 

2 

3 

2 

2 

1 

1 

355 

375 

244 

287 

1 

2 



20 

34 

15 

27 

20 

15 

16 

14 


1 


1 

75 

61 

72 

52 

3 

12 

1 

4 

9 

9 

5 

6 

2 

5 

2 

5 

11 

18 

8 

14 

1 

4 


1 

6 

7 

4 

4 

2 

4 

2 

4 

7 

7 

1 

3 

3 

5 

3 

5 

27 

28 

23 

23 

3 

11 

3 

10 































































































































































56 


TABLE IV — ( Continued ). 


Total. 

Require 

Special 

Attention. 


1 


i 

CO 


CO 

CO 

© 

P 

© 

£ fct 

0 

^ 0 

0 

-4-> *r—( 

o 

p 

o 

d 

W 

o 

H 

O 

10 

13 

6 

4 

2 

3 

2 

3 

9 

14 

9 

14 

10 

13 

10 

13 

2 

6 

2 

6 

11 

10 

5 

9 

2 




6 


4 






242 

282 

193 

222 

58 

81 

30 

43 

177 

295 

84 

131 

618 

557 

343 

337 

118 

142 

69 

89 

454 

512 

206 

273 

308 

321 

146 

134 

277 

380 

123 

172 

170 

178 

100 

99 

391 

405 

240 

246 

217 

188 

78 

86' 

493 

723 

313 

455 

849 

795 

461 

474 

147 

157 

118 

109 

182 

221 

95 

136 

355 

375 

244 

287 

242 

282 

193 

222 

5, 056 

5,612 

2,843 

3,293 


H. West Branch of Croton river, west side — (Continued): 

VI& . Carmel_ 

Vic. .. Carmel_ 

VIri . CarmeJ_ 

VII Barrett’s pond. . . Kent. 

VIII. China pond. Kent . 

IX.. . Kent. 

X... Kent. 


Totals 


A. 

B. 

C. 

D. 

E. 

F. 

G. 

H. 

K. 

L. 

M. 

N. 

O. 

P. 

Q. 
B. 


Summary. 

Croton river, from site of Quaker Bridge dam to 

Croton dam, south side. 

Croton river, from site of Quaker Bridge dam to 

Croton dam, north side. 

Croton river, from Croton dam to Cross river, south 

side.. 

Croton river, from Croton dam to Muscoot river, north 

side. 

Cross river, south side. 

Cross river, north side. 

Muscoot river, west side. 

Muscoot river, east side.... 

Croton river, from Cross river to West Branch, east 

side. 

Croton river, from Muscoot river to West Branch, west 

side. 

East Branch of Croton river, east side. 

East Branch of Croton river, west side. 

Middle Branch of Croton river, east side. 

Middle Branch of Croton river, west side. 

West Branch of Croton river, east side. 

West Branch of Croton river, west side. 

Grand totals. 











































































1 


57 


TABLE IV — Summary by Towns'— (Continued). 



Total. 

Require 

Special 

Attention. 

Cemeteries. 

Houses. 

Outbuild¬ 

ings. 

Houses. . 

Outbuild¬ 

ings. 

Westchester County: 






Cortlandt.. 

55 

73 

24 

30 

2 

Yorktown. 

414 

580 

234 

324 

4 

Newcastle. 

216 

218 

109 

136 

6 

Bedford. 

785 

786 

381 

405 

li 

Poundridge. 

73 

78 

41 

44 

3 

Lewisboro.. 

334 

362 

100 

174 

6 

North Salem. 

397 

418 

227 

237 

3 

Somers. 

377 

402 

171 

209 

6 

Totals. 

2.651 

2,917 

1,347 

1,559 

41 

Putnam County: 






Carmel. 

661 

706 

427 

436 

11 

Southeast. 

742 

701 

492 

490 

10 

Patterson. 

386 

537 

202 

341 

4 

Kent. 

292 

338 

208 

276 

6 

Putnam Valley. 

19 

34 

10 

18 

1 

Pliilipstown. 

4 

4 

3 

3 


Total. 

2,104 

2,320 

1,342 

1,564 

32 

Dutchess County . 

301 

375 

154 

170 

10 

Grand total. 

5,056 

5,612 

2,843 

3,293 

83 


Totals for Villages and Hamlets. 


Westchester County — Yorktown: 

Huntersville. 

Crompond . 

Croton Dam. 

Kitchawan (Croton South). 

Croton Lake. 

Yorktown Station. 

Hallock’s Mills. 

Pine’s Bridge... 


Newcastle: 

Mertens (Merritt’s Corners) 
Newcastle (see Mt. Kisco)... 


Bedford: 

Mt. Kisco. 

Bedford Station... 

Katonah and Whitlockville. 

Bedford. 

Poundridge: 

Boutonville . 

Lewisboro: 

Woodsbridge.. 

Katonah and Whitlockville (see Bedford) 

Golden’s Bridge. 

Cross River. 

South Salem. 

North Salem: 

Purdys . 

Croton Falls. 

Salem Center.. 

North Salem. 


9 

10 

9 

10 


38 

89 

19 

42 

i 

12 

23 

12 

23 


11 

6 

11 

6 

1 

2 

11 

2 

11 


50 

9 

25 

5 

1 

10 

15 

10 

15 


21 

7 

21 

7 

• 


16 

10 

1 


... 

270 

170 

131 

96 

2 

54 

45 

18 

8 

1 

102 

88 

68 

59 

1 

20 

6 




20 

18 

19 

17 

. . • 

3 

2 

3 

2 


34 

25 

16 

14 


53 

39 

38 

19 

2 

35 

26 

9 

9 

2 

72 

31 

72 

31 


88 

91 

38 

52 

... 

33 

29 

16 

14 

1 

49 

36 

32 

29 

• • • 


8 


Cemeteries, 























































































































58 


r 


TABLE IY — Totals for Villages and Hamlets—( Continued ). 


Somers; 

Somers.;_ 

Somers Center. 

West Somers. 

Amawalk. 

Putnam County — Carmel : 

Baldwin Place. 

Mahopac Falls. 

Mahopac Mines. 

Lake Mahopac. 

Crafts. 

Carmel. 

Southeast: 

Drewville. 

Tilly Fosters. 

Dykemans. 

Brewster. 

Southeast Center (Sodom).... 
Milltown. 

Patterson : 

Haviland Hollow. 

Patterson. 

T owners. 

Kent: 

Ludingtonville. 

Farmers’ Mills. 

Kent Cliffs (Boyd’s Corners).. 

Dutchess County: 

Pecksville. 

Beynoldsville .. 

Pawling:. 

Quaker Hill. 


Total. 

Require 

Special 

Attention. 

Cemeteries. 

Houses. 

Outbuild¬ 

ings. 

Houses. 

Outbuild¬ 

ings. 

39 

22 

10 

7 

2 

45 

37 

17 

18 

l 

29 

34 

6 

11 

... 

14 

10 

8 

9 

... 

11 

13 

4 

6 


32 

30 

14 

15 

2 

10 

4 

8 

4 

... 

120 

65 

67 

36 

... 

7 

7 

4 

4 

... 

122 

67 

83 

34 

3 

7 

15 . 

7 

15 


36 

4 

22 

4 

... 

21 

13 

5 

9 

... 

273 

49 

59 

24 

2 

46 

30 

17 

10 

... 

17 

21 

14 

15 

1 

10 

14 

10 

14 


86 

57 

17 

28 

i 

31 

15 

14 

6 


31 

23 

22 

22 


34 

20 

24 

20 

. . , 

14 

10 

12 

10 

l 

15 

14 

10 

9 

l 

12 

6 

7 

6 


47 

12 

25 

10 

i 

19 

28 

7 

6 

l 

2,136 

1,406 

1,033 

821 

28 


Totals 


Cemeteries 






































































59 


C. Description of Maps and Sketches, 
plates I TO IV. 

Nearly all the information in Tables III and IY is given on the 
accompanying maps. On Plate I a square black spot indicates a 
house and an x an outbuilding. The number accompanying the 
x is the number of outbuildings located at that point. The prox¬ 
imity of houses and outbuildings to streams is indicated as closely 
as possible on the scale to which the map is drawn. Where a 
barn or a privy is so close to a stream that its drainage falls or 
runs directly into it the fact is indicated by the letter b for barn 
or stable, and p for privy or water-closet. C indicates a church, 
G a cemetery, the number of which is eighty-tliree, including in 
the term all private or family burying-grounds, some of which 
contain as many bodies as the public grounds. Sli indicates a 
school-house, the privies of which are often set very near to 
water-courses. M indicates a mill. The greater number of 
mills are saw and grist-mills. There are a few cider-mills, 
woolen-mills and factories. All are included in Table IY 
in the column of houses deserving special mention. The 
letter E, with number accompanying, indicates elevation above 
the Croton datum. I am indebted to the chief engineer of the 
Aqueduct Commission for those along the Croton river; to the 
chief engineer of the New York Central and Hudson River rail¬ 
road for those along the Harlem division, and to the chief engi¬ 
neer of the New York City and Northern railroad for those along 
that road. The elevations of the various lakes and reservoirs are 
from the Aqueduct Commissioners’ report of 1883-7. The numbers 
from 1 to 832 attached to houses and villages are those of Mr. 
Lucas’ report. The angles with letter and number indicate the 
position and direction in which photographs were taken, the 
vertex of the angle denoting the location of the camera, and the 
diverging lines defining the limits of the view. A detailed 
description of all the photographs is given in the list of photo¬ 
graphs appended. Only the photographs whose position could 


60 


not be located on Plates II, III and IY are located on Plate I 
Tlie basis of the map, Plate I, is a tracing from the map made 
by the engineers of the Aqueduct Commission. A reduced 
copy of this map, including also the entire courses of the aqueducts, 
was published in the Report of the Aqueduct Commission, 1883-7. 
A copy of that map is appended (Plate la, not reproduced) to 
show more clearly than on the crowded Plate I the location of the 
different reservoirs and proposed sites for reservoirs. The pro¬ 
posed sites, colored green on the Plate la, show the location, in 
fact, of flat, marshy or peaty tracts in most cases. 

Plates II, III, IY give sketches of the principal villages and col¬ 
lections of houses on the water-shed. These sketches are in general 
taken from those given in the county atlases, all being reduced to 
a uniform scale, and the houses and outbuildings located from 
inspection. Only an approximate accuracy is therefore claimed 
for them, but it is sufficient for the purposes of this report. Con¬ 
tour lines, where given, were usually sketched on estimates made 
by the eye. A short line of levels was run in Mount Kisco as a basis 
for the estimates. The lines show fairly well the slope of the 
ground in the vicinity of the villages, and the direction of drain¬ 
age. The symbols used on Plates II, III and IY are the same as 
those used on Plate I, except that stores, mills, churches, etc., are 
denoted by a hatched rectangle, and outbuildings by a small white 
square. Where they have been identified definitely, the houses 
described in the report of Mr. Lucas have been denoted on these 
plates by the initials of the owners, as given in his report under 
the number which is given to the village as a whole. 

D. Descriptions of Yillages and Hamlets. 

WESTCHESTER COUNTY — TOWN OF YORKTOWN. 

Huntersville is a small hamlet, having less than fifty inhabit¬ 
ants. It is below Croton dam, and will be entirely submerged after 
the Quaker bridge dam is built. 

Grompond , on the north side of the main valley and about four 


61 


miles distant therefrom, is a small, straggling village containing 
about two hundred inhabitants, and extending for a mile or more 
in three directions along two intersecting roads. Two small 
streams, with several branches, drain the village, about half of 
which is considered to drain directly into the brooks. The 
open nature of the soil under this village, together with the 
common form of privy pit and cesspool, leads to the conclu¬ 
sion that, unless the houses are very much scattered, the 
amount of pollution poured into the soil is often greater than 
it can take care of, and that a progressive deterioration in the 
quality of water draining from it will ensue. It therefore 
seems expedient to include the entire village in the columns 
of buildings requiring special attention (in Table IY), and to 
extend to all of the houses any system that may be selected 
for disposing of the organic wastes. This conclusion will apply 
to all of the villages in this list. Any one of the approved 
methods of disposal could be applied to the village of Crom- 
pond. Probably the cheapest would be the pail system, the 
contents of the pails being removed to a distance of at least 
200 feet from any water-course, ploughed into the soil and 
thoroughly mixed with it. 

Croton Dam is principally below the Croton dam, and the 
greater part of it would be submerged by the new reservoir. That 
part above the present dam, or that part on the shore of the 
new reservoir, can be regulated by general rules regarding the 
shores of reservoirs. 

Kitchawan (Croton South) is a station on the New York and 
Northern railroad. Like several other stations on this road, 
it owes its existence to the railroad, and has promise of fur¬ 
ther growth in the future. A small stream (C II and C Ha of 
Table IY) drains the village directly into Croton lake. Photo¬ 
graph Kitchawan (Plate Y) shows five barns or stables on the 
stream C Ila, and there is another a short distance below 
these. (See descriptions of photographs.) At present the place 


62 


can be brought under a general regulation applying to all 
houses and outbuildings near streams; but if it should increase 
in size in the future, as seems quite likely, special provision 
should be made for it. The pail system in that case would 
probably be the most economical. (See recommendation for 
disposal of contents of pails and garbage depositories, p. 156.) 

Croton Lake (Croton North) is at present but a station 
building on the New York and Northern railroad, and needs 
no special mention, except that it has opportunities for future 
growth which may be taken advantage of, as they have been 
in case of other stations on this road. 

Yorktown Station is a village with a population of about 
250. “Almost the first building erected here was the pretty 
little depot of the New York and Northern, only a very few 
years ago,” so few that the village is on none of the maps, not 
even the map of the Aqueduct Commission. Photograph York¬ 
town (Plate XLY) shows the situation of the village. The plain 
at the foot of the hill on which most of the village is located 
is a drift deposit of clay, sand and gravel, in layers. A large 
peat bog, perhaps fifty acres, occupies a considerable portion 
of this plain, and most of the remainder is marshy in its 
character. This bog is the source of two streams, one of 
which (D II of Table IY) flows in a southerly direction into 
Croton lake, and the other (G Illd of Table IY) flows north 
into a branch of Muscoot river. Most of the village drains 
into these two brooks, a few of the houses on the northeast 
side of the town draining into the stream G IIIc of Table 
IY. The railroad-cut through the northern end of the hill on 
which most of the village is located indicates that the hill is 
largely of the drift deposit, and that the layers of gravel are very 
coarse and open. That part of the village at the foot of 
the hill would come under a general regulation concerning 
water-courses, but the rapid growth of the village, which has 
apparently but just begun, and the open character of the soil, 


63 


with the probability that impervious strata are not very far 
below the surface, would justify the conclusion that a system 
of exclusion of sewage from the soil should be applied to the 
whole village for its own protection, as well as for the 
protection of the purity of the water draining from its site. 
The village is well located for the economical construction of 
a system of sewers, if sufficient water supply can be obtained 
for flushing. There is plenty of ground about the town for 
the application of the system of sewage disposal by irrigation, 
or by intermittent filtration. It is probable that the latter 
would be more satisfactory, and it will not be difficult to 
select a place where the soil is of proper constitution and of 
sufficient extent, so that the effluent water will be thoroughly 
purified. The above is suggested on the theory that the village 
will increase rapidly and considerably in size. At the present 
time some system of dry removal, which need not be applied 
to the entire village, would be sufficient. It is an easy matter 
to drain the swamps by giving them deeper outlets in the 
direction of either stream. 

Hallock's Mills is not on the railroad, is very small and has 
no signs of growth, so that it can be brought under the general 
regulations. 

Pine's Bridge is upon the south bank of Croton lake, and can be 
regulated by rules regarding reservoirs and lakes. A portion of 
the place ivould be submerged by the Quaker Bridge reservoir. The 
place is, to some extent, a summer resort, especially for picnics or 
excursion parties, and has some summer residences, but is not 
a growing place, perhaps partly on account of the uncertainty 
regarding the construction of the Quaker Bridge dam. Photo¬ 
graph CL 3, Plate VII, shows a portion of the place. 

TOWN OF NEWCASTLE. 

Mertens is a station on the New York and Northern Bailroad, 
similar in character to Kitcliawan. The railroad station is on or 


64 


very near the summit, and a portion of the ground drains to the 
south, away from the Croton. This is not shown on the map of 
the Aqueduct Commission, which by some error includes about 
two square miles to the south of Mertens in the Croton water¬ 
shed, which should properly not be included. The old map of 
the Aqueduct Commission of 1857-8 is correct on this point. 
Merritt’s Corners is but a short distance from the railroad 
station. That portion of the village within the Croton water¬ 
shed should be treated in the same manner as Kitchawan. 

Newcastle is considered as a part of the village of Mount Kisco, 
with which it is now incorporated. Photographs N 1 to N 9 are 
of parts of Newcastle and Mount Kisco. 

TOWN OF BEDFORD. 

Mount Kisco lies partly in the town of Bedford and partly in 
Newcastle. It has a population at present of 1,200 to 1,500, and 
is a thriving village. It has quite a reputation as a summer 
resort. Numerous cottages and boarding houses have been 
erected in the village and its neighborhood within a few years, 
and the indications are that it will increase in the same direction 
in the future. The main part of the village is in the vicinity 
of the railroad station on the Harlem division of the N. Y. C. 
and H. It. R., on a level tract at the foot of Mount Kisco, which 
hill is just off the limits of the sketch, Plate II. Part of the 
village is on a little higher elevation in the vicinity of Kirby’s 
pond and a number of new houses have been built to the west 
of the railroad on the slopes of the hills in that direction. 
Some of these are beyond the limits of the sketch given on 
Plate II, but are located on Plate I, the general map. The 
village is drained by Kisco river, which flows from Kirby’s 
pond (Kisco lake) towards the west into Croton lake (stream 
C Y of Table IV), and by a sluggish branch (C Ye) of this 
river which flows through the main part of the village and 
joins the Kisco river to the southwest of the village. The 


65 


contour lines on the map will show the direction of the 
surface drainage. Kirby’s pond is a mill-pond, a large part of 
which is very shallow and subject to much growth of aquatic 
plants. Slight variations in the level of the water are sufficient 
to expose and again cover large portions of the bottom. The 
photographs N la, and N lb, Plate XXII, show the appearance 
of the surface. The plate also shows the location of buildings 

• o 

on the shore of the lake. See list of descriptions of photographs 
for full descriptions of all the photographs. The vegetation in 
the pond imparts a slight tinge to the water of the river. 
There is a good fall to the Kisco river, as indicated by the 
contours, untd a level plain east of the railroad is reached, 
just below the 290-foot contour line. From this point on for 
a half mile or more there is but little fall, and the fields on 
each side are either marshy or subject to frequent overflows. 
Three brooks run in from the south in this distance and one 
from the north. The one from the north is the one shown on 
the sketch of tlTe village as running through it. This brook 
has but little fall throughout its course, and has so little from 
the 290-foot contour line down to its junction with the river, 
that it has almost no current. A considerable portion of the 
village, including all the business portion, is seen to be very 
nearly on the level of the brook, so that its drainage is 
very poor. There is a fall from the railroad station to the 
flood line of the Quaker Bridge dam of 83 feet, or to that 
of the Croton dam of 123 feet. Good drainage can be secured 
by taking out a dam on Kisco river, or what remains of it, 
at a point below the limits of the sketch, and perhaps blasting 
a channel for a short distance through the rock bottom of 
the river. The matter was under discussion by the village 
authorities during the summer. Here, as elsewhere, the surface 
soil is light and porous, and it would be taking no more than 
proper precautions in order to preserve the purity of the 

water supply, to apply whatever system of disposal of refuse may 

9 


66 


be adopted to the whole village, including in the term all shown 
on the sketch, at least. A large cemetery, apparently quite new, 
is located at the point marked G, extending from the road to the 
railroad, and draining in part into each of the streams shown. It 
is scarcely to be doubted that this cemetery, as it becomes filled, 
will exercise a detrimental influence upon the water of the 
streams. Its site appears to be a drift deposit of sand and 

4 

gravel, probably with clay or “hardpan” underlying it* 
Although the village is much scattered, it would not be difficult 
nor very expensive to put in a system of sewers. A supply of 
water for flushing could be obtained. If the flats are properly 
drained, as suggested above, it would be possible to select sites 
for irrigation fields or intermittent filtration beds, of sufficient 
extent and far enough distant from the ground water or the 
streams, to insure a pure effluent. A pail system, or other 
system of dry removal, could be easily applied, and would 
possibly be cheaper than a water-carriage system, owing to the 
scattered location of houses in some parts of the village. A 
system of dry removal should be thoroughly applied, and should 
include all garbage and household waste, especially in the lower 
parts of the town, but would not then touch the question of 
drainage from the streets, a question that is discussed on pages 
153 et seq. The photographs, part of which are reproduced in 
Plates XXII to XXX, give an idea of the most evident sources 
of pollution and of the topography of the village. 

Bedford Station, on the Harlem division, has had a slight 
growth within a few years, but not by any means so rapid as 
Mount Ivisco, as its population is still less than 300. It is located 
principally on a side hill, whose surface drainage is down across 
the railroad into a branch of Beaver Dam brook (E lb of 
Table IY). It is rather compactly built, and while there are 
but few buildings which can be said to drain directly into the 
brook, all have a greater or less effect upon the purity of 
the surface drainage and ground water, This is especially true 


67 


regarding surface drainage, as the steepness of the hill makes 
the carriage of material easy in times of rain. The entire village 
should probably be included in a system of removal of wastes, 
which system would doubtless be one of dry removal. See 
sketch, Plate II, and Mr. Lucas’ report, page 20. 

Katonoli. The villages which are known in Mr. Lucas’ report 
(page 19) and on the maps as Katonah and Whitlockville will 
here be considered together, since the one is practically a 
continuation of the other, as will be seen by reference to the 
sketch (Plate II). They both lie in the two towns of Bedford 
and Lewisboro. The direction of the surface drainage is clearly 
seen from the contour lines. The character of the shores of the 
mill-pond running through the village is shown in the photo¬ 
graphs, some of which are reproduced in Plates XXXI to 
XXXVIII. (See list of descriptions of photographs for full 
explanation.) A sewer or drain, described in Mr. Lucas’ report 
(page 19), enters the mill-pond at the bridge near the business 
center of the village. It formerly had several connections from 
houses, which are said to be broken now. It is an open stream 
for its upper course and runs under a lane and houses for the 
lower part of its course, as indicated by a full line and a dotted 
line on the sketch. The lower part of the village, below the dam, 
known as Whitlockville, has a small stream running through it, 
on which are located several privies and barns, whose drainage 
it receives as well as the garbage from the houses. This stream 
takes its rise near the graveyard (marked G on the sketch), and 
as the soil is here as open as elsewhere, it probably receives 
some pollution from that source. The graveyard also drains 
directly towards the river, but probably not so much as in the 
other direction, as rock crops out at the road. At the upper 
edo-e of the sketch, south of the river and west of the road, is a 
sloping piece of ground with two brooks through it, one shown, 
which could possibly be adapted for the purification of sewage by 
irrigation or filtration through land if a system of sewers were 


68 


provided. Great care would be necessary to give sufficient 
distance for thorough purification of the polluted liquids before 
ground-water or the brooks were, reached. Another and possibly 
better place is at the extreme north of the sketch, on the other 
side of the Cross river. If the Quaker Bridge dam is built , both 
these places will be flooded , as the flood-line of the new reservoir 
will come about to the 206-foot contour line of the sketch. In 
this case most of Whitlockville and some of Katonah would be 
flooded and so disposed of. This would increase the necessity 
of taking care of the remaining portion of the village as the more 
thickly settled portions would be nearer the shore of the reser¬ 
voir. It would then be impossible to find a place for the sewage 
disposal scheme above suggested without pumping. The system 
of dry removal discussed on page 156 would then be the most 
economical, I presume. 

Bedford village is situated on a summit, and but a small part 
of it is on the Croton water-slied. The drainage of nearly all of 
this portion could be easily turned in the other direction, and can 
all be regulated by the general rules. 

TOWN OF POUNDRIDGE. 

Boutonville is a small village which has apparently seen its best 
days, and as there is no good reason for its improvement or 
increase, to even its former size, it may be left to the operation of 
general rules. There are several houses and outbuildings in the 
village that need attention, as their drainage now runs directly 
into the streams, of which there are three within the limits of the 
village. See Mr. Lucas’ report, Nos. 36 to 39, page 19. 

, TOWN OF LEWISBORO. 

Woodsbridge is very small, but is on a steep hillside or at its 
foot, and will require care in applying the general regulations, 
and perhaps some increase in the distances there laid down. If 
the Quaker Bridge dam is built part of the houses icill be 


69 


drowned out , and the rest will be much closer to the banks, 
and, therefore, require more careful attention. 

A atonah and Whitlockville. See same under Town of Bedford. 

Goldens Bridge is twenty to thirty feet above the level of the 
Croton river at present. Its surface drainage, and the drainage 
from some houses and outbuildings, runs into a small brook which 
flows through the center of the village. A detailed statement 
of the buildings draining directly into the brook is given in 
Mr. Lucas’ report, on page 17. The sketch on Plate III will 
add some information. The whole village drains more or less 
directly into the brook, and should be included in a scheme for 
removal of refuse. A system of dry removal would probably be 
preferable. Should the Quaker Bridge dam be built, the level of 
the water would be raised to a height at flood stage only eleven 
feet below the railroad depot, and would bring the whole village, 
with the exception of four or. five submerged houses, close to the 
shore of the lake, in which case it would be especially necessary 
to include every house and outbuilding in the scheme of sewage 
removal. In deciding upon a system, the future growth of the 
village should be taken into account. It is in the center of a 
district of summer resorts, and has as many advantages as any of 
the others, which have not been fully developed. Should the new 
dam be built, the village would have a great additional advantage 
in the lake, and it is quite probable that its population, especially 
in the summer season, would appreciably increase. 

Cross River is a small village, which may, in the future, become 
a summer resort, for which it is fully as well fitted as others in 
the neighborhood. Should a railroad be put through here (laid 
down on maps as projected) the village would undoubtedly 
increase rapidly in population. Mr. Lucas’ report, page 19, 
gives a statement of the. buildings draining directly into the 
river and a brook which runs through the village. The 
sketch, Plate II, shows the position of the houses with 
reference to the streams. All the houses not mentioned as 


70 


draining directly into tlie streams are on steep slopes, which 
run uj3 from the beds of the streams. I think the soil is very 
ojDen and not deep, so that teachings from cesspools and privy 
pits find their way easily and quickly into the water-courses. 
The houses on the north side of the street running to the north¬ 
west drain into the small brook, and are, perhaps, at a safe 
distance from it, with a few exceptions near the bridge crossing 
the brook. The houses on the south side of the same road, and 
the graveyard, G, drain directly into the river, and are probably 
not at an entirely safe distance. All the houses on the street 
running south drain down the slope into the river, and require, 
I think, the application of a system of dry removal. The village 
being at some distance from the railroad, it will probably be 
necessary, from an economical point of view, to dispose of the 
refuse by ploughing it into the ground at a distance from any 
water-course sufficient to render the drainage from the field 
innocuous. 

South Salem is at present small and possibly will remain so. Its 
topography is quite similar to that of Cross river, the distances of 
houses from the stream being usually somewhat greater, however. 
At present it could be left to the operation of general rules. 
Reference to the sketch on Plate III will show the buildings 
requiring special attention. 

TOWN OF NORTH SALEM. 

Purdys is quite compactly built, filling a level tract at the 
junction of the Titicus and Croton rivers. Surface drainage from 
the village runs into both rivers. The sources of most direct 
pollution are upon the banks of the Titicus river, as described 
in Mr. Lucas’ report, page 17. Photographs, P 1, 2, 3, 4, 
Plates XXXIX to XLII show the character of part of these.- 
Photographs CL 21 and 22, Plates XYII and XVIII, give a 
general view of the site of the village. The sketch on Plate III 
shows by contour lines the direction of flow of surface drainage. 


71 


In view of the porous nature of the soil it is evident that the 
continuously acting pollution by cesspools and privy-vaults 
should be discontinued. A system of sewerage would hardly 
answer, owing to the small elevation above the water in 
the river, unless the sewage were pumped up to some higher 
elevation for disposal. Sufficient water for flushing sewers could 
be obtained from the Titicus river, a little above the village. 
Under proper supervision a system of dry removal could be 
made to work satisfactorily. (See page 156 for proposed methods 
of disposal of wastes.) Should the Quaker Bridge dam he built, 
the flood-line of the new reservoir would he about at the level of the 
railroad bridge across the Titicus river, shown in Plate XYIII. 
Apparently this would place a large part of the village on the 
space between flow-line (200 feet elevation) and flood-line (206 
feet elevation), and would require the removal of most of the 
village which stands upon the flat, since the ground-water would 
be so close to the surface at all times as to prohibit cellars, or 
other underground construction, and the surface would be liable 
to overflow. The small remnant of the village in this case could 
be most easily taken care of by a system of dry removal. 

Croton Falls is also upon a level tract at the foot of a hill. 
The level is, however, at the top of a bluff, perhaps twenty feet 
high, so that the village is higher above the river than Purdys. 
A system of sewerage could be put in here if a sufficient water 
supply was furnished. It would be rather difficult to find a tract 
of land level enough for the ordinary systems of sewage disposal, 
without pumping. The level tract, shown in Photograph CL 25, 
Plate XXI, is too low for this purpose, being overflowed at times 
of high water in the river. This would be true, especially if the 
Quaker Bridge dam was built, for then this field would be, I 
think, in the reservoir, or in the space between the flood line and 
the flow line of the reservoir. The surveys under the Aqueduct 
Commission have not been carried to this point as yet, so that 
the exact line of the new reservoir at this place has not yet been 


72 


determined. It is possible that a field of tlie proper sort could 
be found in tlie tongue of land between tlie East and West 
Branches of the Croton river, to the northwest of the ground 
shown on the sketch, Plate III, for a system of disposal of 
the liquid sewage. Some system of sewage removal, either 
wet or dry, is quite necessary. Mr. Lucas’ report, page 18, 
gives details of direct pollution. Photographs CF 1 and 2, 
the latter reproduced in Plate XLIII, give views of some 
sources of such pollution, and CF 3 (Plate XLIY) gives 
a general view of the village. The sketch on Plate III 
gives an idea of the topography. The fall in the East 
Branch, just above the village, gives considerable water¬ 
power for mills and factories, which is utilized to considerable 
extent, and will be utilized to its full extent, to judge by the 
building operations going on this summer. Most of the level 
ground adapted for building purposes is shown in the sketch, 
and it is probable that most of the increase in population will be 
upon this area. The mills, not shown on the sketch, are above 
the village, and should be included in any system of sewerage and 
disposal of waste laid out for the village. 

Salem Center is strung out for some distance along a road 
running on the north side of Titicus river. One or two small 
brooks drain portions of the village, but most of it drains directly 
into Titicus river, toward which the ground slopes. Most of the 
village can be left to the operation of general rules. It may be 
necessary to apply some system of collecting refuse matter to that 
part at the extreme west of the sketch, which system would 
evidently be one of dry removal. It would be best to apply 
the system to the whole village, upon the principles indicated 
in preceding descriptions of villages. See sketch of village, 
Plate III. ’ I 

North Salem is contiguous to Salem Center on the east and 
likewise lies along the road running on the north side of Titicus 
river. It will, perhaps, require more careful attention than 


73 


Salon! Center, as it is not scattered quite so much, is in general 
nearer the river and has more small brooks running through 
it and discharging into the river. A system of dry removal, 
preferably, should be applied to the entire village. The two 
villages can, perhaps, be most economically treated as though 
they were one. Mr. Lucas’ report, page 25, will give 
‘details of houses and outbuildings draining directly into the 
river and the brooks, and the sketches on Plate III will show 
the same and other points requiring attention. A sewer could 
be laid to take the drainage from both villages, and sufficient 
water to flush it could probably be obtained from the brooks 
or elsewhere. It will not be so easy to find a suitable place to 
dispose of the sewage, as the outlet would necessarily be nearly 
at the level of the river in order to take the drainage from the 
lower end of Salem Center. The villages are at some distance 
from railroads, so that the solid refuse would probably be 
disposed of close at .hand, and should then be so disposed of as 
to thoroughly purify all drainage from it before such drainage 
reaches any stream. Two railroads are down on the atlases as 
“ projected ” through this valley. There is no immediate prob¬ 
ability of substantial increase in population in either of these 
villages unless one or both of these roads is built, when such 
an increase w T ould doubtless occur. 

TOWN OF SOMERS. 

Somers is at present small, and has but one small brook into 
which any considerable part of surface drainage runs. The 
village can be left to the operation of general rules with safety 
and economy. The brook drains two cemeteries, and it is 
probable that they are the source of some pollution to it.' This 
is the only thing in the village requiring special attention. 
See sketch on Plate III. The village is an old one, and is the 
business center of the town. It is of some repute as a summer 

resort. It is not likely, however, to increase much in size, 

10 


74 


unless the “projected” railroad on the maps is built, especially 
since the following, Somers Center and West Somers, are both 
railroad stations. 

Somers Center is a station on the Maliopac branch of the 
Harlem Railroad. It owes its existence principally to this road, 
and is increasing slowly in population. Plum brook runs 
through the village, and also two small brooks, its tributaries.' 
A few buildings drain directly into these streams. Nos. 156 
to 160 of Mr. Lucas’ report, page 24, are some of these. 
This place and the country in its vicinity are of considerable 
repute as summer resorts, and I think it probable that the 
population tributary to this station will continue to increase. 
This fact, and the number of streams running through the 
place, make it advisable to apply some system of refuse 
collection to the village, which system should be extended far 
enough in all directions to cover the probable growth of the 
village, so far as it may follow the course of the streams. The 
ground in the vicinity is quite broken, and most of the houses 
at any distance from the streams are well elevated above them. 
This is especially true of the road called Lowell street, though 
there are numerous springs along the street, the protection of 
which should be carefully looked after. What little low ground 
there is along Plum brook is marshy in character, and it would 
be difficult to find ground for the proper disposal of liquid refuse, 
according to any of the common systems, without elevating at 
least a portion of the sewage by artificial means. A system of 
dry removal could be arranged, owing to the steep slopes over 
much of the village, in such a way as to be in no way a nuisance, 
more easily than in any other village described. The railroad 
gives aii opportunity to carry off* the solid refuse, if the scheme 
suggested on page 156 should be adopted. 

West Somers is a station on the New York and Northern 
railroad. It is very much scattered, and seems to be in the 
process of moving to the railroad station from an old location 


75 


near the Muscoot river on the road from the station to Somers 
Center. Theie aie several scattered houses requiring special 
attention, some of which are given in MY Lucas 5 report, 
Nos. 125 to 135, page 23. It is probable that this village 
will increase considerably in size, if it receives proper encour¬ 
agement , for this reason, as a matter of economy, some system 
of removal of refuse should be adopted, which can be extended 
as the village grows. The parts requiring special attention at 
present are at some distance from the station and can be 
corrected by an application of the general rules. 

Amawalk is a station on the New York and Northern railroad. 
It is a very small place and is not likely to increase much in 
size, owing to its proximity to Yorktown and West Somers. • 
Several buildings in the vicinity need especial attention, but 
they can all be taken care of by a proper application of general 
rules. (See Mr. Lucas’ report No. 49, page 22, for description 
of part of them. 

PUTNAM COUNTY — TOWN OF CARMEL. 

Baldwin Place is a small place which has been the victim, 

t 

I understand, of an attempted “ boom ” at the hands of the real 
estate agents. It does not seem to have been materially affected 
by the boom up to this time, but the future may have something 
in store. The Maliopac Mines branch of the New York and 
Northern railroad here leaves the main line. The place may 
be left to the operation of general rules. I would call special 
attention to the row of houses and outbuildings along Tomahawk 
avenue, and to the row parallel to that road, which drain more 
or less directly into the brook shown running parallel to the 
avenue from Baldwin Place, into Muscoot river. Several of 
these places need special and early attention. 

Maliopac Falls lies in the valley of the Muscoot river just 
below the outlet of Lake Maliopac, and perhaps eighty to 
one hundred feet below the level of the lake. The Maliopac 
Mines branch of the New York and Northern railroad runs 


76 


through the place. The village is thoroughly well drained by 
the Muscoot river and one or two brooks, and probably every 
house is the source of more or less pollution to the streams, 
so that a system of refuse removal should be adopted. Should 
a system of dry removal be adopted this village could be 
combined with the village of Lake Mahopac, which it joins, 
and the two treated together. Should a sewerage system be 
adopted for Lake Mahopac, Mahopac Falls would probably be 
treated separately from the difficulty of finding a proper 
place for sewage disposal works below the level of the latter 
village. In Mr. Lucas’ report the village is called Red Mills. 
See No. 144, page 23. 

Mahopac Mines consists only of the mine buildings and a 
few scattered houses of the superintendent and of the operatives. 
The vein is of magnetic iron ore, with but little, if any, 
impurity. There is a certain amount of drainage water pumped 
from the mine which finds its way more or less directly 
into the water-courses. This drainage water should contain 
none but mineral impurities, which are not properly of an 
injurious character. A system of removing the excreta of all 
workmen and animals that are employed in or about the mine 
should be put into operation to prevent the pollution of the 
said drainage. This could consist in part of water-tight boxes 

located for the use of the miners at places convenient to them 

\ 

when at their work, these boxes to be removed and emptied 
at intervals, their location being changed from time to time 
as the workings extend. 

Lake Mahopac village extends round three sides of Lake 
Mahopac and to some distance south from the lake to the 
station of the Mahopac branch of the Harlem railroad, and 
to some distance east from the lake to the station of the 
New York and Northern railroad. That part of the village 
about the latter station is below the level of the lake 
and drains into Broad brook and thence into the West 


77 


Branch of the Croton river. It is the principal busi¬ 
ness part of the village, and is the most thickly set¬ 
tled. The elevation E 639.1 on the map Plate I is that 
of the New York and Northern railroad station. The por¬ 
tion of the village about the Harlem railroad depot is also a 
little below the level of the lake, and drains through small 
brooks into Plum brook, and thence into Croton river direct. 
The remainder of the village consists principally of summer 
hotels, boarding-houses and cottages, arranged along the banks 
of the lake, and draining into it. An attempt has been made 
at an addition to this part of the village on the northeast 
shore of the lake, which has not yet succeeded. Some of the 
houses needing special attention are mentioned in Mr. Lucas’ 
report, Nos. 145 to 147, page 23, and Nos. 557 to 562, pages 38 and 
39. There are a number of others deserving special mention, 
especially hotels and boarding-houses, whose sewers or sur¬ 
face drainage run directly to the lake or to water-courses. 
Photographs M 1 to M 9, part of which are reproduced in 
Plates XLYI to XLIX, show the position of some of the 
prominent buildings with reference to the lake. The place 
was at one time very extensively patronized as a summer 
resort, and is still quite popular, although the number of 
summer visitors is not so great as in former years. It is 
passing through what may be called the secondary stage of a 
summer resort, having received a set-back some years ago 
from an outbreak of diseases due to bad drainage. The village is 
well located for the introduction of a system of sewers to drain 
the entire village. With the exception of the summer-resort 
section the village lies below the level of Lake Maliopac, so 
that a water supply could be drawn from it. Many of the 
summer hotels and cottages now draw their supply from the 
lake by means of pumps run by steam or by windmills, and 
a small expenditure would give the village a water supply of 
sufficient amount and head for all purposes. There are 


78 


numerous opportunities for disposing of the sewage by 
irrigation or intermittent filtration, as the ground slopes down 
from the lake in all directions but the north. A number of 
small, independent systems of sewers would probably answer 
the purpose best. Some method of disposing of the wastes 
now polluting the streams and the lake must be adopted, and 
I think that as a matter of profit it would pay to introduce 
a complete system of water supply and sewerage. The village 
could then pass to the third stage of the watering-place, and 
be assured of a steady popularity. 

Crafts is a small station on the New York and Northern 
railroad. At present it can be left to the operation of gen¬ 
eral rules. It is possible that it will increase in jDopulation 
in the future, but the prospect of such an increase is not very 
bright at present. See Mr. Lucas’ report, Nos. 587 to 590, 
page 39. 

Carmel , the county seat of Putnam county, is on the New 
York and Northern railroad, on the shore of Lake Gleneida. 
A row of houses and outbuildings on the shore of the lake 
drains more or less directly into it. The drainage of the 
business portion of the village, on the west side of the main 
street, goes into the lake also. The ground slopes down in all 
directions but the south almost from the lake shore, so that the 
surface drainage from the remainder of the village goes in a 
direction away from the lake into a small stream tributary to the 
Middle Branch of Croton river. Lake Gleneida drains through 
a small creek and Horse Pound brook, into the West Branch 
of Croton river. Attention is called in Mr. Lucas’ report, 
pages 40 and 41, to several houses in the village whose drainage 
runs directly into the lake. The sketch, Plate IY, shows the 
location of these houses and of others of similar character. 
Photographs C 1 to C 6, part of which are reproduced in Plates 
LXII to LXY, give general views of the village and detail 
views of some of the principal sources of direct pollution. 


79 


Tlie photograph C 1, Plate LXII, in connection with the 

4 

contour lines on the sketch on Plate IV, will show clearly 
the direction of the surface drainage in the different parts of 
the village. It is reported — with how much truth I am 
unable to say — that the water in wells near the lake shore 
does not come from the lake, but comes from the opposite 
direction. The lake itself has no inlets with a permanent 
flow and very little surface drainage, and is fed almost entirely 
by springs. Carmel could apply a scheme of water supply 
and sewerage such as that suggested for Lake Maliopac quite 
as easily and perhaps more cheaply than that village, with 
great benefit to itself as well as to the purity of the lake and 
streams. Either such a system or a system of dry removal 
should be applied to the whole village, as almost all drainage 
from buildings reaches some water-course, with more or less 
of its pollution still remaining. 

Drewville .— This seems to be a name given to a collection 
of houses connected with one of the farms of the late Daniel 
Drew, southwest of the Middle Branch storage reservoir. 
While most of these houses need special attention, the general 
rules will be sufficient to take care of them. See Mr. Lucas’ 
report, Nos. 432 to 439, page 35. 

Tilly Fosters is a station on the New York and Northern 
railroad at the Tilly Foster iron mines, on a peninsula pro¬ 
jecting into the Middle Branch reservoir. There are many 
mine buildings and stables, and some residences and boarding¬ 
houses on this peninsula, the surface drainage from all of which 
goes quite directly into the reservoir. There are two groups 
of miners’ houses near the shores of the reservoir to the north 
and south of the peninsula to which the same remark is appli¬ 
cable in a somewhat less degree. (See Mr. Lucas’ report, page 36; 
also Photographs TF 1 to TF 3, Plates LVIII to LX.) There 
must be considerable drainage pumped from the mine, which 
also finds its way into the reservoir. This drainage has but 


80 


little, if any, injurious mineral impurity. Some arrangement 
for removal of human excrement (ancl animal excrement so 
far as possible) from the mine should be instituted and care¬ 
fully carried out, to prevent the pollution of the mine drainage 
by it. One method has been suggested for Maliopac Mines, 
which may also be applied here. A system of removal, 
(preferably dry) of organic refuse from the mine buildings, 
houses and stables should be carefully carried out. The 
proximity of Brewster makes the disposal of this refuse easy, 
if the plan suggested on page 156 is followed. Otherwise there 
are fields well up on the hills away from the reservoir, into 
which it can be ploughed, with the assurance that the drainage 
from the fields will be purified before it reaches the water¬ 
courses. 

Dykemans is a small station on the Harlem railroad and the 
New York and New England railroad, which seems to have 
no special reason for further growth. At present a strict 
enforcement of general rules would be sufficient to preserve 
the purity of the small brook into which the village drains. 
Special mention is made of some houses in the village in Mr. 
Lucas’ report, Nos. 279-282, page 30, which list should be 
somewhat increased in number. 

Brewster is the largest village on the watershed. While but 
little larger than what has been included in Mount Kisco in 
Table IY, it is more compactly built, and is more of a manu¬ 
facturing and business place, so that it is a much greater 
source of pollution to the Croton water than any other village. 
Mr. Lucas’ report, pages 27 and 28, gives details of many of the 
sources of direct pollution. The sketch on Plate IY shows these, 
and others, and also shows by the contour lines the general 
course of the surface drainage. Photograph B 1, Plate LXI, 
shows the drainage of a slaughter-house near Tonetta brook, 
above Brewster, beyond the limits of the sketch. B 2 to B 4, 
Plates L to LII, together give a view of the village and a 


81 


prolongation of it to the southwest clown the river. B 5 to 
B 10 part of which are reproduced in Plates LIII to LVII, 
give details of special sources of pollution. The surface 
drainage from the principal part of the village runs almost 
directly into Tonetta brook, and is a source of much pollu¬ 
tion to that brook. The sewers which enter the brook under 
the main street are an additional source of concentrated pol¬ 
lution, since the supply of water to the sewers is quite small. 
The soil seems to quite as open here as elsewhere, so that 
the drainage from it is daily increasing in richness. I think 
it probable that as good a plan as any for treating this village 
is to supply it with a complete system of sewers, for which 
its topography well adapts it. As indicated above, there has 
been something done in this line already. There are 
two or three places where the liquid sewage can be 
disposed of on the land as suggested on page 155, and 
will be efficiently purified befole entering the water-courses, 
all below the level of the village, so that the sewage need not 
be pumped. These are all near the river, so that very great 
care should be taken in maintaining the disposal works. It 
may be deemed advisable to divide the sewer system into two 
or three parts, and run part of it on each of two or three 
plots of ground. The proposition discussed on page 156 would 
locate a garbage and refuse destructor near the intersections 
of the three railroads, at the northern end of the village, to 
which all refuse from the villages on those railroads would be 
carried. If such a destructor is erected it may be found to be 
more economical to use some method of dry removal in this 
village, the refuse being carried directly to the destructor. 
The village of Southeast Center is but a short distance to the 
east of Brewster, and it will be worth while to discuss the 
two villages together in determining upon a sewerage system. 
One advantage of a water-carriage system in these villages, as 

in the cases of Carmel and Lake Mahopac, will be that by a 

11 


82 


proper arrangement it may be possible to run a portion of the 
earlier street drainage, in case of a rainstorm or of the melt¬ 
ing of snow in the spring, into the sewers, and thus obtain a 
purification of this water, which is certainly in a high degree 
polluted with animal matter. 

Southeast Center , or Sodom , as it. is called on the map issued 
by the Aqueduct Commissioners, is a village along both sides 
of a road running northeast and southwest, crossing East 
Branch of Croton river, with a few houses along a road run¬ 
ning on the northeast bank of the river from the above-men¬ 
tioned crossing. It is just below the site of the new East 
Branch storage reservoir, and its surface drainage is directly 
into the river. It is included in the description of Brewster 
in Mr. Lucas’ report, page 28. If this village were to be 
treated alone, some system of dry removal would probably 
be the best, but it should receive consideration in its relation 
to Brewster, as it is probable that the two could be econ¬ 
omically treated as one. 

Milltown is a very small village, a large proportion of whose 
houses require special attention. A number of houses in its 
immediate vicinity also require special attention. Mr. Lucas’ 
report, Nos. 237 to 247, page 29, will give most of these. 
Probably the place can be safely left to the operation of 
general rules, but these should be strictly carried out. 

TOWN OF FATTEESON. 

Haviland Hollow has a number of houses along the north 
side of the road running along Quaker Brook, most of which 
require special attention, as shown in Mr. Lucas’ report, Nos. 
317 to 334, page 31. They are situated on the side of a hill 
of rather steep slope on which the solid rock outcrops in 
numerous places. The soil is probably quite thin and, while 
the Hollow may be properly taken care of under general rules, 
it may be necessary in some cases to increase distances as 


83 


given in those rules, in order to bring these places to the 
same degree of safety as those places at which the drainage 
into water-courses is less direct and quick. 

Patterson is on the wide valley of the upper part of the 
East Branch of Croton river, and is in general quite 
Hat. It is just above the large peat swamp mentioned on 
page 6, and the eastern part of the village is almost down 
to its level. The portion west of the Harlem railroad is a 
little higher and could easily be sewered, if thought best. 
The village is in a very pleasant situation, with the exception of 
that portion which is so near the level of the surface waters, 
but it does not seem to possess the spirit of growth and 
may remain at its present size for some years. The great 
swamp, which extends in both directions from the town along 
the river, is a great source of vegetable pollution to the Croton 
water. It would be possible, at the expense of blasting and 
dredging out an outlet and a channel, to drain this swamp, 
as there is plenty of fall before the village of Southeast Center is 
reached, but the construction of East Branch storage reservoir 
will raise the water level at that point to such a height that but 
little fall will be left for such a purpose, so that it can be accom¬ 
plished but partially, if at all. The ground water must be quite 
close to the surface in all but the highest part of the village, so 
that, while there are but few houses whose surface drainage 
reaches the water-courses directly, it is probable that the 
leacliings from cess-pools and vaults reach the ground water 
very quickly. The purity of the water in the wells of the 
village, as well as, and even more than the purity of the 
Croton water supply, requires the introduction of a system of 
disposal of wastes which shall render them, or the drainage 
from them, innocuous before entrance into water-courses. 
Probably a system of dry removal would be most satisfactory. 
Photograph, Patterson (not reproduced), was an attempt to 
show the situation of the village. Mr. Lucas’ report, page 32, 


84 


gives one or two houses requiring special attention. The 
sketch of Patterson, on Plate IY, will show others and the 
general course . of the drainage on the surface. The small 
stream east of the railroad, which turns at right angles, is a 
ditch, intended to drain a large flat series of fields, which is 
not a very great success, owing to the little fall. The East 
Branch has almost no current at this point, and runs in 
several channels at the point where the road crosses it. But 
one of the channels is shown on the sketch. 

Towners , a station on the Harlem railroad and on the New 
York and New England railroad, is small, but is quite 
thoroughly drained by several small brooks, and has several 
houses which require special attention, as may be seen from 
the map, Plate I, or from Mr. Lucas’ report, Nos. 387 to 410, 
pages 33 and 34, including the neighborhood tributary to the 
station. It is possible that the careful application of general 
rules will be sufficient in this case, as the houses are scattered 
over so large a space, but it may be found necessary to apply 
a system of dry removal to some of the more thickly settled 
portions near or on the banks of brooks. 

TOWN OF KENT. 

Ludingtonville is quite small and can be left to the opera¬ 
tion of general rules. There are several houses requiring 
special attention, part of which are mentioned in Mr. Lucas’ 
report, Nos. 512 to 516, page 37. 

Farmers Mills is similar to Ludingtonville, but a little more 
closely built. It can, however, be treated in the same way. 
Most of the houses requiring special attention are described 
in Mr. Lucas’ report, Nos. 694 to 709, pages 43 and 44. 

Boyd's Corners (Kent Cliffs Postoffice) is on the shore of the 
West Branch reservoir, and therefore deserves especial atten¬ 
tion. Numbers 682 to 690, page 43, and 720 to 725, page 44, of 
Mr, Lucas’ report are houses ont or yery near the shores of the 


85 


reservoir. Photographs BCK 1, 2 ancl 3, two of which are 
reproduced in Plates LXVIII and LXIX, show the character of 
the banks and the direction of drainage. A general rule appli¬ 
cable to reservoirs and their surroundings should be sufficient 
to regulate the place. 

t 

Cole's Mills has several buildings requiring special attention, 
but a careful application of general rules should be sufficient 
to regulate them. See Plates LXYI and LXYII for views of 
some of them. 

DUTCHESS COUNTY. 

Pecksville can probably be left to the action of a general 
rule. It may be necessary to use a method of dry removal 
for some of the buildings, owing to the width of lots not 
being sufficient to cover a reasonable distance within which 
no cesspool or privy should be allowed. There are several 
houses needing special attention, none of which are mentioned 
in Mr. Lucas’ report. 

Reynoldsville is a station on the New York and New England 

x' ' 

railroad which contains some , houses requiring special atten¬ 
tion. Numbers 354 to 359, page 32, of Mr. Lucas’ ’ report are 
some of these. Their regulation can be left to a careful 
application of general rules. 

Pawling is a large village on the Harlem railroad. A part 
only of the village drains south into the Croton, as the sum¬ 
mit between the Croton water-shed and the Housatonic runs 
through the village. That portion of the village draining 
south is deserving of special attention, and will require some sys¬ 
tem of removal of refuse. To the south, the valley of the tributary 
of the Croton is flat and wet, with but little fall. It might be pos¬ 
sible to put in a system of sewerage for the whole town, to 
run towards the north, but such a system would hardly be 
economical for this southern portion of the village. It is 
probable that a system of dry removal would prove most 
economical and generally satisfactory. Photograph, Pawling, 


86 


(not reproduced) shows the situation of the village. In Mr. Lucas’ 
report, Pawling is No. 426, pages 34 and 35. There are some houses 
requiring special attention which he has not mentioned. Those 
mentioned as draining into brooks running north are outside 
the Croton water-shed and their surface drainage does not reach it. 

Quaker Hill is a small settlement on the top of a hill at the 
head-waters of the East Branch of Croton river. It can be left 
to the operation of general rules. There are a few buildings 
requiring special attention. 

E.— General Sources of Pollution. 

1. The principal product of the farms near the railroads 
is milk, and the greater portion of each farm is pasture. This 
is true to a great extent over the whole water-slied. It 
is probable that but little fertilizer is used upon the cultivated 
fields beyond the product of the cow-stables, so that the pollu¬ 
tion of the water from this source is in general small. There 
may be found near reservoirs, present or prospective, special 
cases which deserve attention. 

2. A very fertile source of pollution is the drainage from 
roads and streets into the water-courses in times of rain. The 
character of this pollution must be particularly obnoxious in 
spring or late winter rains, after the accumulation of the drop¬ 
pings upon the roads during the whole winter. I noticed this 
especially in Katonali and Brewster during rain storms, and in 
Mt. Kisco just after one. In all these cases the drainage 
from the streets ran directly into water-courses, and presented, 
during the earlier part of the storm, an extremely filthy 
appearance. There are many places to which this observa¬ 
tion would apply. The main roads are usually in the valleys, 
along or near the banks of streams, and are graded to 
discharge their drainage into these streams. It will be pos¬ 
sible in many cases to so retard and spread out the water 
running along the road ditches, by turning it upon land, as 


87 


to cause a precipitation, straining, and partial filtration, and 
thus purify the water in great part. This should be done to 
quite an extent. It is quite necessary that some such plan 
should be pursued with the roads running along the banks 
of reservoirs. A very fair result could be obtained by grading 
such roads so that the surface drainage from the road alone 
should all run towards the lake, by giving the road a trans¬ 
verse slope in that direction. Concentration of water into 
channels can be prevented by giving as little longitudinal 
slope as possible to the road, and by frequent stoppages of 
flow along the road, by obstructions placed on the lower side. 
Great care should be taken to carry all drainage from ground 
above the road directly across under it. If the road is a sufficient 
distance from the edge of the water in the lake, say 100 feet, 
the actual drainage therefrom will be fairly purified before reach¬ 
ing the lake. 

The treatment of streets in villages is discussed in Division 
IY of this report. 

3. Another probable source of pollution, as well as of 
discomfort and possible disease to the people of the neigh¬ 
borhood, will be the alternate growth and decay of plants in 
those portions of the reservoir subject to fluctuations of level 
in the water. At present the Croton lake is kept at very 
nearly the same level at all times, so that there is no appre¬ 
ciable trouble in that reservoir from this cause. The second¬ 
ary reservoirs have banks of such slope and nature that, 
when water is drawn to supply the Croton lake, a compara¬ 
tively small proportion of bottom is uncovered, which is of 
such a character that but little vegetation grows upon it, and 
hence no serious difficulty from this cause need be anticipated. 

When the Quaker Bridge dam is built, the flow line of the dam 
will be about thirty-four feet above the present level, and the flood 
line forty feet above it. This will extend the lake from its present 
upper extremity a little below Muscoot hill and the mouth of 


88 


Muscoot river, to a point nearly up to Croton Falls and the junc¬ 
tion of the East and West Branches of Croton river, a distance of 
about eight miles, with arms each about a mile in length extend¬ 
ing up Muscoot river, Cross river, Plum brook and a brook on 
the east between Katonah and Golden’s Bridge. The Cross 
river arm will have two branches, each about one mile in length 
additional. The greatest depth of water in this new portion of 
the Croton lake will be but thirty-four feet, at flow line. Some 
of this depth is quickly lost in ascending the stream, as is shown 
in the profile of the Quaker Bridge reservoir, given on the map 
published in the Aqueduct Commissioners’ Beport, 1883-87 
(Plate Ia of this report, not reproduced.) It is even more quickly 
lost in ascending the arms, as w T ill be indicated by the fact that 
there are dams near the present mouth of the Muscoot and of the 
Cross river. These facts show that there will be a large amount 
of shallow water in the upper portions of the new reservoir. 
There will be some shallow water on the sides of the lower 
portion of the new reservoir also. Photographs CL 1 to 25, 
part of which are reproduced in Plates Y to XXI, are intended 
to show the character of the slopes and of the surface of the 
ground in the bed of the new portion of the reservoir. They 
show that slight fluctuations of level will expose large amounts 
of the bottom to view, and that the ground surface is very 
suitable for the growth of vegetation. The growth of vegetation 

would probably increase in time from the deposit of flood 

* 

materials brought down by the streams. These deposits would 
encourage such growth by decreasing the depth of the water, 
and by furnishing a supply of nutriment, especially so far as 
the deposit may consist of organic matter. They would 
be made at the points where the velocity of currents is 
checked on entering the reservoir, which are also the points 
of least depth. As the drainage from about eighty-five per 
cent of the water-slied would enter the new reservoir above 
the Muscoot hill, it is evident that the amount and character 


89 


of such deposits are worthy of serious attention. Should 
no subsidiary dam be built, the entire reservoir would be subject 
to variations of level, giving rise most probably to much malarial 
illness in the vicinity, and deteriorating the condition of the 
water. A slight idea of the character of such vegetation and of 
the effect of drawing off the water may perhaps be gathered 
from an inspection of photographs N la and N Id, Plates XXII 
and XXIII, for a description of which see List of Descriptions 
of Photographs. It is proposed to build a subsidiary dam to 
preserve the level of the water in the upper portion of the 
lake. Two sites have been suggested for such a dam, which is 
generally .known as the Muscoot dam, as one site is near 
Muscoot hill. The upper site is near Woodsbridge, above the 
mouth of Muscoot river. About seventy-five per cent of the 
entire drainage area is above this site, the Muscoot river being 
the only large stream entering the new portion of the reservoir 
below the Muscoot dam and above the present Croton dam. 
It is about ten and one-half miles from Quaker Bridge dam and 
seven miles from the upper end of the new reservoir. A rough 
estimate gives about seventy-two per cent of the area of the 
reservoir below this site. Under the same conditions of water 
consumption, the fluctuations of water level below the Muscoot 
dam would therefore be about forty per cent greater in amount 
than if the Muscoot dam were omitted; that is to say, a depth of 
ten feet over the reservoir as a whole, would give a volume of 
water equivalent to a depth of fourteen feet over that portion 
below the upper site of the Muscoot dam. An estimate made by 
the eye indicated that a reduction of level of ten feet below 
the flow line or sixteen feet below flood line would uncover only 
about one-tliird more ground above the site of the Muscoot dam 
than a reduction of fourteen feet below flow line, or twenty feet 
below flood line, would uncover in the space between the two pro¬ 
posed sites for the dam. This would indicate that the lower site 

would answer the purpose for which the dam is to be erected 

12 


90 


much more nearly than the upper site. An examination of pho¬ 
tographs, CL 11 to 16, reproduced in Plates XII to XVI and fully 
described in the List of Descriptions of Photographs, will show 
the extent and character of ground lying between the two sites. 
About eight per cent of the area of the whole reservoir, roughly 
estimated, is between the two sites, so that the fluctuations of 
level in the lower part of the reservoir would be somewhat 
increased, under the same conditions of management, say to an 
amount fifty-five per cent greater than were the reservoir to act 
as a whole. 

Should the subsidiary dam be built, its effect would be to reduce 
the number of times that it would be necessary to lower the level 
of the upper portion of the reservoir, but the growth of vegeta¬ 
tion in the shallow parts of the reservoir would continue. There 
are quite extended tracts in the neighborhood of Purdys, between 
Purdys and Croton Falls, and in the arms of the reservoir up the 
brook near Golden’s Bridge, Plum brook, Muscoot river and Cross 
river, which would be sufficiently shallow to permit such growth. 
The extent of such shallows would be increased by the sedimen¬ 
tation of the influents. The character and amount of vegetation 
would be affected by the nature of this sediment, which, coming 
mainly in times of flood, contains generally a large amount of 
organic impurity, the result of the thorough washing of many 
streets, roads, yard areas, barn-yards, and so forth, whose drainage 
does not reach the streams except in times of copious rainfall. 
This vegetation can be killed by drawing down the level of the 
wafer. It can then be raked out of reach of the water and 
disposed of in some manner to prevent its return. It may also 
be raked out of the water without drawing down the level; 
or the bed of the reservoir in the shallow places can be 
denuded of its soil, and sufficient depth given to the water to 
prevent the growth of vegetation. A natural rock bottom can be 
easily obtained in many places. The material thus excavated 
can be used to fill along the shores and raise their level above 


91 


the flood level of tlie reservoir, thus restricting the flow of water 
to the reservoir proper. This would seem to be advisable in 
several places, particularly in the Cross river arm and in the 
neighborhood of Purdys, where there is a considerable amount 
of ground between flow line and flood line of the reservoir, 
including a large part of the village. Photographs CL 21 to 25, 
Plates XYII to XXI, show this territory. When the topographi¬ 
cal surveys of the reservoir, now in progress under the Aqueduct 
Commission, are finished, the subject should receive careful 
attention with the accurate data, then obtainable, to give definite¬ 
ness to the problem. The character of sedimentary deposits can 
be determined by an examination of the bottom of the upper end 
of the present Croton lake. A casual examination last summer 
indicated that it was rather bad, and was the source of some 
pollution to the water, both in itself and in the vegetation which 
it assisted to sustain. Photographs CL 1, 2, 3, 5, Plates VI and 
VII, give some idea of the state of the case. It is probable 
that it will be necessary to arrange for a removal of this deposit 
at intervals, if considerable depth is not given to the upper 
reservoir and its arms, by the excavating process suggested. 
The present Croton lake is beginning to show the necessity of 
removal of its deposits, and it would seem to be even more 

necessarv in the case of the new reservoir, as much less of the 
«/ 

flood water (containing a much larger absolute quantity of 
impurity, as indicated above,) will be allowed to flow over the 
the dam and thus out of the reach of the water supply. 

F. Descriptions of Photographs. 

The following descriptions of photographs are arranged in 
geographical order, beginning at the lower end of Croton lake: 
First is given a series of photographs of Croton lake from Croton 
dam to Croton Falls ; then photographs of localities to the south 
and east of Croton river; on Muscoot river and its tributaries; on 
East Branch of Croton river; on Middle Branch of Croton river; 


92 


on West Brandi of Croton river. The first series of twenty-five, 
marked CL, 1 to 25, Plates VI to XXI, were intended to show 
the character of the present Croton lake and of the bed and 
banks of the proposed new reservoir; the remainder show the 
character of the sources of organic pollution, and are fairly repre¬ 
sentative of the inspections made by Mr. Lucas, and of the cases 
set down in Table IV as deserving special mention. The attempt 
was made to secure photographs of the worst cases, but in some 
instances this was impracticable. Plates V to LXIX are repro¬ 
ductions of those photographs which were best adapted therefor, 
and accompany this report. The others in the list are on file in 
the office of the State Board of Health. The location and scope 
of each photograph is indicated on the maps, Plates I to IV, 
by an angle, the vertex at the position of the camera, and the 
sides defining approximately the limits of the view. Each is 
numbered to correspond with the number in this list. 

Plate V.— Kitchawan .—Near the railroad station Kitchawan on 
the New York City and Northern railroad, on the road to Croton 
dam, on a small stream running into Croton lake, and about half a 
mile from it. The stream is C II in Table IV. The four nearer 
stables in the view are used, I think, for the teams hauling brick 
from the yard near Kitchawan to the new aqueduct, and have not 
been long in use. The manure piles are run out to the brooks and 
drain directly into them; ei r ery rise of the water must carry more 
or less of the matter away. The stable in the back-ground is 
close to one of the branches of the brook and drains directly 
into it. Another stable is located on the bank of the brook lower 
down towards Kitchawan. Located on Plate I. 

Plate VI .—Croton Lake , 1.— This is the first of a series of views, 
Croton Lake 1 to 25, designed to show the present condition of 
Croton lake and the character of the ground to be covered by the 
proposed new reservoir. It is a view up an arm of the reservoir, 
looking west. The outlet of the brook C II mentioned above is 
at the farther end. There are several houses and barns, and a 


93 


blacksmith shop there, as indicated on the map. One or two of 
them show dimly through the trees on tlie left. A house and 
barn are seen at the right of the center on a steep bank just 
above the lake, which will be close to the edge of the new reser¬ 
voir and will require attention. The gentle slope of the shore in 
the fore-ground and the growth in the shallow water along the 
shore should be noticed in connection with the descriptions of 
the other photographs of Croton lake, as an indication of the 
probable state of affairs at numerous places along the shores 
of the new reservoir; and especially in connection with the 
photographs of Croton lake up to 16, as some idea can be thus 
obtained of the character of the ground and vegetation to 
be exposed by fluctuations in the water level of the new 
reservoir, below the Muscoot dam. . Located on Plate I. 

Croton Lake , 2.— A cove of the arm of Croton lake described 
above, connected with the lake by a culvert under the road. 
The small stream, C III of Table IY, flows into it. There 
is very little circulation of the water to and from this cove, 
and we found at one visit a scum composed of some of the 
offensive algae upon a portion of its surface, which had dis¬ 
appeared at a second visit, when the photograph was taken. 
Not reproduced. Located on Plate I. 

Plate VII.-— Croton Lake , 3. — A view of a portion of Pine’s 
Bridge, taken from the bridge over the lake. Especial attention 
is called to the houses with cupolas, which are hotels, and to 
the barn, privy and pile of garbage and manure to be seen 
near the right of the picture in the rear of one of the hotels. 
The outlet to a brook (C IY of Table IY), which drains ten 
other houses and two barns, back from the lake, as well as 
the outbuildings mentioned, is seen near the right edge of the 
picture as a stream running out of a culvert undei the load. 
The houses visible will be submerged by the new reservoir. 
The character of the growth in shallow parts of the reser¬ 
voir is indicated in the foreground. Located on Plate I. 


94 


Croton Lake, 4.— A view on tlie north shore of the lake, 
above Pine’s Bridge, looking east. Muscoot hill shows in the 
center, far in the background. The level of the new reservoir 
when full, forty feet above the lake seen at the right, will be 
near the top of the house on the left. Some idea of the 
amount of ground subject to alternations of wet and dry by 
fluctuations in the water level can be thus obtained. The 
photograph was taken from a point near the edge of the new 
reservoir, but perhaps a little above its level. Not repro¬ 
duced. Located on Plate I. 

Croton Lake, 5.— A view of a passage between an island and 
the north shore of the lake, looking west, taken to show the 
effect of banks of little slope, and without stony beach. Much 
of the vegetation here shown was on the point of decay when 
the photograph was taken, and the appearance of the water 
was rather unpleasant. This series of photographs shows 
several places of greater area which may be in similar condi¬ 
tion to the one shown. While this sort of pollution may not 
be dangerous to health, it is unpleasant to sight and taste 
when in sufficient quantity. The water is put through no 
filtering process to remove it. The island and the shallow 
channel prevent much circulation, and so the full effect is shown. 
Not reproduced. Located on Plate I. 

Croton Lake, 6.—A view looking south up Kisco river (C Y of 
Table IY), showing what will be an arm of the new reservoir. 
The house on the right will be close to its edge; the one in the 
center will be submerged by it. The slopes of the banks and 
bottom are here of better character. Not reproduced. Located 
on Plate I. 

Plate YIII.— Croton Lake, 7.—The views Croton lake, 7, 8 and 9, 
together form a panorama and show an arm of the new reservoir, 
(7); the north shore looking up the lake, (8); and a view diagonally 
across and up the lake, (9); as seen from the top of a low hill which 
will project into the new lake. The pictures match quite closely in 


95 


tlie order named and show clearly the character of slopes and 
bottom. The Hood line of the new reservoir will be forty 
feet above the present lake, glimpses of which are caught in 
the center of No. 9. This height will bring the new shore line 
about to the road at the house in the center of No. 8. The 
camera was set only slightly above the new level of the water. 
It will thus be seen that almost the entire fore-ground in each 
picture, back to the foot of the hills, will be submerged, and 
some estimate can be made of the amount of ground subject 
to fluctuations of level of less than forty feet. The hill near 
the right of No. 8 in the back-ground is Muscoot hill. Located 
on Plate I. 

Plate IX .—Croton Lake , 8. —See Plate VIII, Croton Lake, 7. 
Located on Plate I. 

Plate X .—Croton Lake, 9.—See Plate VIII, Croton Lake, 7. 
Located on Plate I. 

Plate XI .—Croton Lake, 10.—A view up an arm of the new 
reservoir at the first brook below Muscoot hill on the north side of 
the lake. Apparently this arm extends to the foot of the hill behind 
the house to the left of the center, with two small branches, 
one to the right and the other to the left. If so, most of the 
ground shown at the foot of the hills will be covered with but 
a shallow depth of water, decreasing slowly towards the head 
of the arm, so that a number of acres (perhaps one hundred) 
will be subject, to variations of the shore line over them, with 
changes in the level of the water. It is likely that the water 
over a large part of this area would be for appreciable lengths 
of time shallow enough to allow the growth of aquatic vege¬ 
tation such as shown in Photographs Croton Lake, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 
N la to N Id, Plates VI, VII, XXII, XXIII, and in larger 
quantity. The area could be treated as suggested for the 
upper portions of the reservoir, page 90. Located on Plate I. 

Plate XII .—Croton Ijake, 11.— Photographs, Croton Lake 11 
to 16, were taken from points on the northerly slopes of Muscoot 


96 


hill, with the purpose of showing the character of the banks and 
bottom of the arm of the new reservoir at the mouth of the Muscoot 
river, which is below the upper site of the proposed Muscoot 
dam at Woodsbridge, and above the proposed site at the 
Muscoot hill. The first four (11 to 14) were taken at one point 
and together form a panorama including the greater part of the 
area. The other two (15 and 16) were taken from a point two 
or three hundred feet east of the first, and form together a 
panorama of the remainder. 11 and 12 match very closely. An 
inspection of buildings and horizon lines will show the connec¬ 
tions of the others. Fifteen includes a part of 13 and of 14. 
Sixteen includes the remainder of 14 and some additional. All 
but 14 are reproduced in Plates XII to XYI, which thus give 
a view of the entire area. This area has been estimated at 
about eight per cent of the total area of the reservoir. As the 
elevation of flood line in the new reservoir will be but forty 
feet above the present lake, and less than that amount above 
the water in the river, where it shows among the trees a little 
to the left of the center of 15, Plate XY, it is evident that much 
of the area will be but slightly covered, and that the whole 
will be subject to great changes of shore line by comparatively 
slight changes in level. As the intensity of the changes below 
the Muscoot dam will be increased by its insertion to preserve 
the level of the upper portion of the lake, and as this arm is 
one of the greatest in extent of the shallow parts of the upper 
portion of the reservoir, it would seem to be advisable to locate 
the Muscoot dam at the lower site, and thus relieve this large 
area from liability to large fluctuations in level. This subject, as 
well as the subject of the treatment of shallows, is discussed on 
pages 89 to 91. Eleven looks up the valley of Muscoot river, 
and is a continuation of 12 to the left. Located on plate I. 

Plate XIII .—Croton Lake , 12.— Is a continuation of 11 to the 
right. Muscoot river runs at the foot of the hill in the middle 
ground, behind the hill with the white house, having come down 


97 


through the depression showing back of the house. It runs 
to the right to the building on the extreme right. The water 
in the new reservoir will be on three sides of the hill 
with the white house, and will extend up the river, according 
to the map, for half a mile or more beyond it. Located on 
Plate I. 

Piate XIY .—Groton Lake , 13.— Is a continuation of 12 to the 
right. The building on the extreme left is the same as the one on 
the extreme right of 12. Muscoot river runs from this building 
along the line of trees in the middle ground to join the Croton 
river just to the right of the picture. Nelson’s race-track is 
on the right. The new reservoir will submerge this track and 
the water level will be near but below the houses showing 
beyond the barn near and on the level of the track. Located 
on Plate I. 

Croton Lake, 14.— Is a continuation of 13 to the right. Woods- 

bridge, Wliitlockville and Katonali lie in the hollow in the 

center and behind the hill to the right. The upper site for 

* 

the Muscoot dam is near the houses showing in the hollow. 
Croton river comes down through this hollow, flows to the left 
along the line of trees to the left of the center, receives Muscoot 
river at the extreme left, turns more than a right angle aud 
flows to the right across the picture beyond the slope in the 
fore-ground. Nelson’s race-track is in the low ground beyond 
the nearer trees on the left. It will be submerged by the new 
reservoir. Fifteen and sixteen were taken from the top of the 
of the slope in the fore-ground of this picture. Not reproduced. 
Located on Plate I. 

Plate XY.— Croton Lake , 15.—Taken with 16 at the point 
located in the description of 14, shows on the left the barn and 
buildings and Nelson’s race-track the same as at the right of 13. 
Woodsbridge is in the extreme right back-ground. Croton river 
flows as in 14 from this point to the left, receiving Muscoot river 

at the extreme left, turning and flowing to the right at the foot 

13 


98 


of tlie slope in tlie fore-ground. According to tlie map tlie 
shore line in the new reservoir will be between the barn on the 
left and the houses showing beyond it, the race-track and the 
fields on the other side of the river (in the center) being sub¬ 
merged. The new level will be less than forty feet above the 
river showing in the trees to the left of the center. Located on 
Plate I. 

Plate XYI.— Croton Lake, 16.— Continuation of 15 to the right. 
The tree in the foreground at the right of 15 and the left of 
16, will show (on the photographs but not on the Plates) 
the amount of lap of the two pictures, which is but slight. 
Woodsbridge, the upper site of Muscoot dam, is in the back¬ 
ground at the extreme left, near the houses showing faintly. 
Croton river, after flowing from this place back and forth, as 
shown in 15, Plate XY, flows towards the right across 16 
among the trees in the middle of the picture. The lower 
site of Muscoot dam is near the right of the picture. Located 
on Plate I. 

Croton Lake, 17.— Shows an arm of the new reservoir on the 
branch of Plum brook which enters Croton river from the 
north in the bend below Golden’s Bridge. Croton river is 
reached through the gap in the center of the middle ground. 
The map indicates that the arm wflll extend up into the 
low place at the left of the picture, and that it will cover 
the flat in the middle ground to the right of the center. 
A branch of this arm extends up Plum brook for some 
distance but with steeper slopes to the banks. As the increase 
in elevation of the water level at flood line above the present 
level in tlie river will be only about thirty-five feet, and the 
ground shown is a half mile from the river, with some fall, 
it is evident that the depth of water in the arm will be 
small, and that there will be plenty of shallows to allow of 
the growth of vegetation, even if the Muscoot dam is built to 
prevent fluctuations of water level and the consequent periodic 


99 


uncovering of the greater part or all of the bottom of the 
arm. Not reproduced. Located on Plate I. 

Croton Lake , 18.— A flat plain on the west bank of Croton 
river, opposite Golden’s Bridge. The view is taken looking 
up the river. The level of the plain is from five to perhaps 
fifteen feet above the water in the river. The water level at 
flow line in the new reservoir will be about twenty or twenty- 
five feet above the present water level. Should the Muscoot 
dam not be built a large part of this tract would be subject to 
uncovering by fluctuations of level. Not reproduced. Located 
on Plate I. 

Croton Lake , 19.— Nineteen and 20 were taken from a hill 
projecting out into the Croton valley on the west side of the 
river, between Golden’s Bridge and Purdys. Nineteen looks 
south towards Golden’s Bridge, and 20 looks northeast towards 
Purdys. The water level will be near twenty or twenty-five 
feet above the river showing in 19, and somewhat less than 
that in 20. The railroad in 20 is perhaps ten feet above the 
new level of the water. Not reproduced. Located on Plate I. 

Croton Lake , 20.— See Croton Lake 19. Not reproduced. 
Located on Plate I. 

Plate XYII. — Croton Lake , 21.— Twenty-one to 24 were taken 
from the side of a hill near (but above) the level of the water in 
the new reservoir, north of Purdys. Twenty-one and 22 were 
taken from the same point, and may be put together as one 
picture. Twenty-three and 24 were taken from slightly 
different points, but can be connected, as the bridge over 
the Croton river shows near the right of 22 and near the 
left of 23. The buildings at the extreme right of 23 are 
the same as those at the extreme left of 24. Titicus river 
runs from left to right through 21, 22 and 23, falling over the 
saw-mill dam near the left of 21, whose elevation above 
Croton datum is 212 feet, flowing thence to the right over 
the dam of the condensed milk factory, showing near the 


100 


right of 21, thence across 22 under the railroad bridge in the 
center of that picture, and part way across 23, where it shows 
itself at the left of the center of the picture. It enters 
Croton river at the right of the center of 23. • Croton river 
Hows from right to left from the right of 24, across 24 and 

23, in which latter it receives Titicus river, thence under the 
wagon bridge showing in 23 and 22, and on south through 
the hollow near the center of 22. The village of Purdys 
shows in 21 and 22 on the farther side of Titicus river. Some 
of the buildings in 21 and 22 are shown more in detail in 
photographs P 1 to P 4, Plates XXXIX to XLII. 

These views are intended to indicate the probable condition 
of affairs in the neighborhood when the Quaker Bridge dam 
is built. The buildings on the right of 21 are those of a con¬ 
densed milk factory on the bank of Titicus river. The eleva¬ 
tion of the top of the dam showing in front of the building 
is 201.3 feet. The center of the wagon bridge over Croton 
river in 22 and 23 is also 201.3 feet, one foot above flow line 
(200 feet elevation), or five feet below flood line (206 feet ele¬ 
vation) of the reservoir. The elevation of the center of the 
railroad bridge over Titicus river (in the center of 22) is 206.5, 
or five-tenths of a foot above flood line. The center of the 
track opposite the station in the village of Purdys, at the 
point where smoke is seen rising in 22, has an elevation of 
205.2, or eight-tenths of a foot below flood line. Much of the 
village is slightly below this elevation. It will be seen from 
these figures, and from a consideration of the photographs 
(reproduced in Plates XYII to XX) that at flow line there 
will be a large amount of the bottom land shown in 23 and 

24, and some shown in 22, which will be barely awash; and 
that at flood line there will be a large amount more, shown in 
all four pictures, in the same condition, including most of the 
village of Purdys, the extent of which can not be seen from 
the photographs, but can be determined from the contour 


101 


sketch, Plate III. The entire bottom land and the village 
would thus be subject to fluctuations of level between these 
two elevations. The soil seems to be quite fertile, being now 
subject to occasional overflows, and would seem to be an excel- 
lent medium for the propagation of such vegetation as grows 
in shallow waters. The organic portions of the sediment 
brought down the Titicus river would tend to increase the 
fertility of the soil (as is seen in the case of Kirby’s pond, 
Plates XXII and XXIII), a large portion of which, as well as 
most of the inorganic sediment, would be deposited on these 
shallows, where the current of the stream is checked by 
entering the lake. If left without attention, we have the prob¬ 
ability before us of the tract becoming a marsh. The village 
would be within the line of danger from floods, and if not 
removed would require very strict regulations regarding drain¬ 
age and disposal of organic wastes to prevent pollution of the 
water. This would seem to be a proper place to apply the 
remedy suggested on page 90, or its equivalent. Located on 
Plate I. 

Plate XYIII.— Croton Lake , 22.— A continuation of 21 to 
the right. See Plate XVII, Croton Lake, 21. Located on 

Plate I. 

Plate XIX.— Croton Lake, 23.— A continuation of 22 to the 
right from a slightly different point of view. See Plate XVII, 
Croton Lake, 21. Located on Plate I. 

Plate XX .—Croton Lake, 24.— A continuation of 23 to the 
right from a slightly different point of view. See Plate XVII, 
Croton Lake, 21. Located on Plate I. 

Plate XXI .—Croton Lake, 25.—The field in the fore-ground is 
on the bank of Croton river, which flows in the line of low bushes 
just back of the center. The upper end of the new reservoir 
extends nearly or quite up to this field. The view is taken 
looking south, down the river. I believe the exact upper end 
of the reservoir has not yet been determined. The railroad on 


102 


the left of the picture is about forty feet above the level of the 
water in the new reservoir. The longitudinal slope of the valley 
is quite gentle, and there will be a length of shallow water 
from Purdys to this upper end. The field shown is at present 
subject to floods, and will be more so with the new reservoir, 
even if the shore line of the reservoir does not reach it. 
Located on Plate I and also on Plate III in the village of 
Croton Palls. 

N la .— N la and N lb show the condition of Kirby’s pond 
(Kiseo lake), near the village of Mt. Kisco, during the summer. 
The pond is evidently very shallow and has a large growth of 
aquatic vegetation which affects the taste and color of the water. 
This may be taken as a fair sample of the probable condi¬ 
tion of affairs in shallow portions of reservoirs where there is 
little or no current except as produced by winds. It is similar 
to a number of mill ponds on the water-shed in appearance 
and in effect upon the water. Some of these ponds were more 
nearly stagnant and in filthier condition than Kirby’s pond when 
visited; but the condition of this pond is said to have been 
better than usual this year. The pond is produced by a mill 
dam, and it is now in process of draining, the mill-power having 
been given up. N lc and N Id are two photographs showing 
the character of the bottom and the mat of dead vegetation on 
the bottom, and giving some idea of the method of drainage 
proposed. The surface is covered on most of the area with 
a layer of aquatic grass and weeds. The soil, of varying thick¬ 
ness, is a black, rich loam, overlying, where the ditches are 
excavated, a layer of sand and gravel under which is found in 
some places a layer of “hard pan.” It would be conducive to 
the purity of the water from the whole water-shed to drain 
many of the small and shallow mill ponds on the small streams. 
Numerous swamps and bogs could also be drained as easily 
as this pond, to the benefit of the water. N la is not reproduced. 
It is located on Plate II, sketch of Mt. Kisco. 


103 


Plate XXII.— N lb .—See N la. A part of tlie village of Mt. 
Kifeco is sliown on the shore of the lake. "When the drainage of the 
lake is finished, these buildings will he further from the water in 
most cases. A few springs and little runs are close to houses, 
however, and will carry their drainage then, as now, to the larger 
water-courses, unless close attention is paid to them. Located 
on Plate II, sketch of Mt. Kisco. 

— See X la. The principal features of this photograph 
are shown with a little less detail in X Id also, and X lc is 
therefore not reproduced. Located on Plate II, sketch of Mt. 
Kisco. 

Plate XXIII .—N Id .— See X la. Intended to show character 
of pond bottom and plan of drainage, which is in process of 
construction. Located on Plate II, sketch of Mt. Kisco. 

Plate XXIY .—N 2.— Shows a row of outbuildings of different 
sorts, easily recognizable, at the rear end of a row of lots along a 
street in the village of Mt. Kisco. The stream running in the walled 
channel is Kisco river, the outlet of Kirby’s pond, shown in X la to 
X Id, and the portion shown is but a short distance below this pond. 
The character of pollution to the water supply and the necessity 
of reducing its amount and directness of access to the water, are 
evident. It may be added that there is a pig-pen and a garbage- 
heap back of the building overhanging the stream. The fence of 
the pig-pen shows slightly. Located on Plate II, sketch of Mt. 
Kisco. 

Plate XXY. — N 3.—X 3 and X 4 are two views of the tail-race and 
mill buildings, including a refuse-dump, on a small pond a short 
distance down Kisco river from Kirby’s pond. The buildings have 
been used as a lens factory, I think, but all machinery was being 
cleaned out of them at the time of our visit and they are now 
vacant. There was a large amount of refuse of different sorts 
all about the premises, and especially at the points where 
photographs were taken. In X 4 the boy is standing on a large 
pile of refuse of all kinds. A small stream of very dirty drainage 


104 


was running from tlie frame building shown in the same picture. 
N 3 is taken looking towards the right from the bridge shown in 
N 4. The pond furnishing water to the mill was in bad condition, 
being partly filled up with a mass of decaying vegetation and 
covered with an unpleasant green scum. It is possible, that the 
buildings will be used again for manufacturing or other pur¬ 
poses, and they should in that case receive careful attention. 
The mill pond is quite as well worthy of drainage for purposes 
of health and purity of water as Kirby’s pond. The mill is in 
or quite near the village of Mt. Kisco. Located on Plate II, 
sketch of Mt. Kisco. 

Plate XXVI .—N 4.— See N 3. Located on Plate II, sketch of 
Mt. Kisco. 

Plate XXVII .—N 8.— This picture is slightly displaced from its 
proper order to bring two half-page reproductions together. It is a 
view of a hotel and outbuildings near and over a ditch, and draining 
directly into it. X 5 to N 8 are all taken from points quite near 
together in the flat portion of the village of Mt. Kisco, as will be 
seen by reference to the sketch of Mt. Kisco on Plate II. The 
buildings in the fore-ground of 8 will be recognized as those at 
the right of 6. The building with flag-staff and cupola at the 
left of 5 is the school-house, seen also in 7 just to the right of 
the center. The portion of Mt. Kisco shown in these photo¬ 
graphs is seen to be very flat. Its drainage is very poor and 
much of the ground is marshy at all times. The outlet for its 
drainage is through a branch of Kisco river, as explained in the 
description of the village of Mt. Kisco, page 64. The ditch seen 
in 8 runs along the railroad for some little distance gathering 
water from both sides of the road, from the main street 
near the depot, and from mills, stores and houses, and then 
flows across 6 and 7 to meet the branch of Kisco river, as indi¬ 
cated in the sketch of the village. As its fall is so little and the 
sources of its water are so unclean, it is in quite a polluted 
condition before it reaches the portion of it course shown in 8. 


105 


Shortly after reaching the branch of Kisco river, the two com¬ 
bined receive the drainage of the buildings shown in 5. The 
branch, before it receives the ditch, receives pollution from the 
buildings shown in X 9, and from blacksmith shops, houses and 
outbuildings. The photograph 8 was taken with the camera set 
on the railroad track. Located on Plate II, sketch of Mt. Kisco. 

Plate XXVIII.— N 5.— Shows direct drainage of house, shop, 
pig-pen, garbage dump and so forth, into branch of Kisco river in 
the village of Mt. Kisco. The stream is very sluggish, with almost 
no current and the effect of the reception of so much filth from these 
buildings and those mentioned in the description of Plate XXVII 
is to encourage the growth of very offensive plants as well as 
to thoroughly fill the water with putrefying matter in various 
stages of decomposition. See also the Descriptions of N 6 to X 8 
and of the village. Located on Plate II, sketch of Mt. Kisco. 

Plate XXIX.— N 6.—X 6 and X 7 were taken at the same point 
and together show most of the low swampy portion of the village 
of Mt. Kisco. The photograph X 8 was taken from the railroad 
on the left of X 6. The business portion of the village lies along 
a street running at right angles to the street shown in X 7, and 
is in the back-ground of the picture. It is nearly or quite as 
low as the portions more clearly seen, and is therefore hidden 
by the houses in front of it. See descriptions of X 5 to X 8 
and description of village for further particulars. Located 
on Plate II, sketch of Mount Kisco. 

Plate XXX.— N 7.—Continuation of X 6 to right. See descrip¬ 
tions of X 5 to X 8 and of village of Mount Kisco. Located on 

Plate II, sketch of Mount Kisco. 

iV 8.— See Plate XXVII. Out of its proper place to allow two 
half-page reproductions of photographs to come on one page. 

JV" 9.— Shows house, privy and barn on or near the bank of 
the branch of Kisco river running through the village of 
Mount Kisco, near the upper end of the village. The stream 
the middle ground from right to left alorig the 
14 


runs across 


106 


row of stones on the nearer side of the buildings. Not 
reproduced. Located on Plate II, sketch of Mount Kisco. 

Katonah, la .— A view of the same barley pit shown in lb, 
which see. Not reproduced. Located on Plate II, sketch of 
Katonah. 

Plate XXXI.— Katonah , lb .—A view of a barley pit which will 
be quite near the shore line of the Cross river arm of the new reser¬ 
voir. This is one of the worst examples of a kind of structure 
that is common at railroad stations and in or near private 
barns of farmers in all parts of the water-shed reached by rail 
from New York. It is a place for storage of the refuse from 
breweries, commonly called “barleys,” which is fed in large 
quantities to cattle on many of the dairy farms of the country. 
The barley is stored in pits when delivered, and is kept until 
winter, to be fed when green feed is lacking. The odor from 
the pits is strong and offensive, due to the putrefaction of the 
outer layers, and of the portion scattered on the ground in 
handling. When the pits, unloading or storage places are near 
water-courses, as in this case, the offensive matter is a source 
of pollution to the water, as well as to the atmosphere, and 
requires attention. Located on Plate II, sketch of Katonah. 

Plate XXXII.— Katonah , 2. — Shows a slaughter-house, pens 
and barn on the west bank of Cross river, in the village of Katonah, 
No. 25 of Table III. The drainage of the buildings is directly into 
the river, and apparently the liquids from the slaughter-house, 
which is the nearest building to the bank, run through the 
small door in front almost directly into the water. The whole 
premises are a source of considerable pollution, especially in 
times of rain, and some of the matter is evidently more than 
usually obnoxious. The photograph tells its own story as well 
as it can be told. Located on Plate II, sketch of Katonah. 

Plate XXXIII .—Katonah , 3.— Shows a carriage, wagon and 
blacksmith-sliop and a barn on the east bank of Cross river, in the 
village of Katonah. A manure pile is evidently a common occupant 


107 


of a space next the barn, and drainage from this pile, as well as 
from both buildings, is directly into the river. Evidently the 
barn-yard, into which cattle are allowed to go, is open to the 
river. The water level of the new reservoir will be from 
fifteen to twenty feet above the water shown. Located on 
Plate II, sketch of Katonah. 

Plate XXXIY.— Katonah , 4.—As will be seen from the sketch 
of Katonah on Plate II, photographs 3 to 9 are of almost consecu¬ 
tive ground, and show almost the entire east bank of Cross river 
in the more thickly settled portion of the village. The water 
showing in all from 2 to 11 is of a mill pond in Cross river, 
along the lower side of the village. The elevation of the water 
in this mill pond is about 186 feet above Croton datum, if my 
information is correct, and the level of water at flood line in 
the new reservoir will be about twenty feet above the present 
level, or fourteen feet at flow line. The road is eight or ten 
feet above the present water level, with slight differences each 
way from this height. The height of the new water level can 
thus be easily estimated in the photographs. The buildings 
shown are all on the farther side of a road, which runs parallel 
to the river, at the top of the wall of stones seen in some of the 
pictures. The drainage of these houses is towards the river. 
Privies and barns are set immediately on the road and drain 
quite directly across the road into the river. The privy on the 
top of the wall in 4 has stained the wall with its drainage. It 
is but little more conspicuous than several others which show 
more or less clearly in the photographs. Located on Plate II, 
sketch of Katonah. 

Katonah , 5.— Taken a little farther north along Cross river 
from 4, shows other houses and barns in similar condition to 
those shown in 4. Not reproduced. Located on Plate II, 
sketch of Katonah. 

Plate XXXV.— Katonah , 6.—A house and barn are here shown, 
whose drainage crosses the road and enters the river with the road 


108 


drainage. At the extreme right is seen the outlet of a sewer or drain 
which comes from the northern end of the village, as described 
in the description of the village. This is No. 25 of Mr. Lucas’ 
report, Table III. The indications at the mouth of the drain 
are that considerable filth of some sort is discharged at times. 
None was observed at the times of our visits. Six to 9 are 
consecutive views so far as the water’s edge is concerned. The 
same houses appear in the back-grounds of consecutive ^pictures, 
in different positions, owing to the overlapping of back-grounds 
in the pictures. All show the drainage of the street directly 
into the river. A lane runs down the hill to the river on the 
right of the house, and brings the drainage from the back yards 
and outbuildings of stores and houses down to the river quite 
readily, owing to its slope. Located on Plate II, sketch of 
Katonah. 

* 

Katonali , 7.— Shows additional houses and outbuildings, and 
additional evidence of street drainage into the river. Not 
reproduced. Located on Plate II, sketch of Katonah. 

Katonah , 8.— Shows additional houses and outbuildings, and 

. additional evidence of street drainage into the river. Not 
reproduced. Located on Plate II, sketch of Katonah. 

Plate XXXVI.— Katonah, 9. — Shows a house draining across 
the road into the stream and a portion of the main street of the vil¬ 
lage, whose drainage comes down beside and under the board walk 
shown as coming from the back-ground, and runs into the river at 
the place where some planks have been laid across to keep the 
bank from washing in. The amount of street drainage getting 
into the stream as shown in these pictures is large, and I can 
testify from personal observation that it has a very nasty 
appearance, being filled with the washings from the road, 
including the droppings of animals and a large amount of mis¬ 
cellaneous refuse thrown into the streets by the inhabitants. 
The amount of such drainage when spring opens must be great, 
and its character must be even worse than that observed, from 


109 


the accumulation and the failure to dry up and blow away. It 
should be mentioned that the river is a convenient garbage 
dump for the residents along the street on its bank, as could 
be seen by the condition of its banks, and as was evidenced by 
actual observation. Located on Plate II, sketch of Katonah. 

Plate XXXVII.— Katonah , 10. — Shows a church and cemetery 
which will be quite close to the shore line of the new reservoir, 
whose level will be fifteen or twenty feet above the water shown. 
The description of the village of Katonah will give an idea of the 
direction of the drainage from the cemetery. At the right of 
the picture is a large residence on the summit of a steep slope. 
Near the house are barns and outbuildings also on the edge of 
the steep slope, the drainage from which has thus direct access 
to the water of the stream. The necessity for attention to the 
manner of draining these buildings will be increased by the 
increased elevation of the water in the new reservoir. Located 
on Plate II, sketch of Katonah. 

Plate XXXVIII.— Katonah, 11. —The shore line of the new 
reservoir being fifteen or twenty feet above the water level 
shown, will be close to or will partially submerge the buildings 
shown. The removal of organic wastes from these buildings will 
therefore require specially strict regulations. The new shore line 
throughout the village will be very close to the houses. The 
condition of affairs here, and the probability that much surface 
drainage will enter the water of the reservoir under any system 
of rules, are very strong arguments in favor of a proposition to 
remove all buildings of any sort, and all roads and streets to a 
considerable distance from the shore line. It is believed that 
protection from organic pollution by surface drainage directly 
into the reservoir along its shores cannot be guaranteed if any 
building or road is nearer to the flood line than, say, one hundred 
feet. But with such a strip of unoccupied ground around the 
reservoir and a proper direction given to the flow of surface 
water, the amount of pollution from such sources would be 


110 


reduced to a minimum. Located on Plate II, sketch of 
Katonah. 

Plate XXXIX. — Purdys , 1.— The four views of Purdys give 
details of buildings shown in the general view included in Croton 
Lake 21 and 22, Plates XVII and XVIII. They are all photographs 
of buildings on the banks of Titicus river, and draining directly 
into that stream. The water level at flood line of the new reservoir 
will be about five feet above the water level shown in 1, 2 and 3, 
and nine feet or more above the level shown in 4 which is taken 
below the dam of the condensed milk factory. No special 
description of 1 and 2 is necessary. The buildings in 1 are on 
the south bank of the river. Located on Plate III, sketch of 
Purdys. 

Plate XL.— Purdys , 2.—Buildings on north side of Titicus 
river just below saw-mill dam and road. See Purdys, 1. Located 
on Plate III, sketch of Purdys. 

Plate XLI.— Purdys , 3.—A view of the condensed milk factory 
at Purdys, with a privy and ice-house and barn, all on the south 
bank of Titicus river and draining directly into it. The character of 
the drainage from the factory is described in Table III, item No. 79. 
The privy of the establishment is located upon the bank of the 
river to the right of the factory, and does not show in this view. 
The place evidently needs attention at the present time and 
will need it still more when the new reservoir is filled, if 
the increase in height of water level does not require the 
removal of the factory entirely. Located on Plate III, sketch 
of Purdys. 

Plate XLII.— Purdys, 4.— Shows more buildings whose drain¬ 
age is into the Titicus river. These buildings are on the south 
side of the river just east of the railroad in the village. Their 
character speaks for itself. The new reservoir, raising the 
water level at flood line nine feet or more above the level 
shown, will probably require their removal. Located on Plate 
III, sketch of Purdys. 


Ill 


Croton Falls, 1.— This picture and the following, show out¬ 
buildings and barns in Croton Falls on the edge of the 
steep east bank of Croton river. See Croton Falls, 2. One 
is not reproduced. Located on Plate III, sketch of Croton 

Falls. 

Plate XLIII.— Croton Falls, 2.— One and 2 show outbuildings, 
barns and privies, which drain directly down the steep east bank 
into Croton river. The condition of the bank indicates that it is 
the village garbage dump also. The slope is such that heavy 
storms wash everything into the water below. A portion of 
the surface drainage from the streets reaches the river throimh 
a gully to the left of the buildings shown, and another por¬ 
tion at the point where photograph, Croton Lake, 25, Plate 
XXI, was taken, which see. Photographs were not secured 
of other buildings which drain directly into the river, as indicated 
in the description of the village, and on the sketch, Plate III. 
Located on Plate III, sketch of Croton Falls. 

Plate XLIY.— Croton Falls, 3.—A general view of the village of 
Croton Falls. Croton river flows among the trees at the bottom 
of a steep slope just behind the buildings showing in the center. 
The last two photographs described were taken from the farther 
side of the river and show the rear ends of the lots and the 
buildings thereon, of which we see in this picture the fronts. 
The photograph, Croton Lake, 25, Plate XXI, was taken from a 
point beside the barn whose ridge shows at the left edge of 
the picture. As stated in the last description, the drainage from 
the streets of the village runs off the bank at that point and 
at a point hidden by trees just to the right of the houses at the 
right of the center. There are small bits of the village extending 
alonn the nearer side of the railroad in each direction from the 

o 

tract shown in the picture, and a portion of the village is along 
the river down behind the church on the right. There is some 
level ground in that vicinity which might be suitable for 
sewage disposal works, except that it is on the opposite side 


112 


of tlie river from tlie greater part of the village. Located on 
Plate I, and also on Plate III, sketch of Croton Palls. 

Plate XLY.— Yorktown .—This is a view of Yorktown railroad 
station on the New York and Northern railroad. It was taken to 
indicate the size of the village, which has grown up in a very few 
years, and to show a portion of the swamp which lies on two sides 
of it. The swamp lies both to the left and to the right of the 
picture. That portion stretching off to the left beyond the 
limits of the view is in part a peat bog and has streams drain¬ 
ing from it in two directions, one north into a branch of the 
Muscoot river, and one south into Croton lake. The latter is the 
one which runs from left to right through the middle ground of 
the picture and receives a large part of the drainage of the 
village. There is a breadth of swamp on each side of the stream 
in the flat along the railroad. This runs for over a mile down 
the brook at intervals. There is plenty of fall between the 
sections of swamp and below them all, and it should be an easy 
matter to drain them all, including the peat bog. The tract sug¬ 
gested in the description of the village for sewage disposal 
works is on the other side of the hill on which the village 
stands. A tract on this side might be utilized if the swamps 
were drained. Located on Plate I on the road a half-mile or 
so southwest of the station. 

Mcihopac , 1.— The series of views of Lake Mahopac was taken 
to show the location of buildings upon the shore, but it was 
impossible to get views from points close enough to the shore 
to make the details plain, except in one or two cases. One to 5 
are taken from various points along the east side of the penin¬ 
sula on the south shore of the lake. One and 2 were taken from 
the extreme end and can be matched together as one. In 1 we 
are looking north, and the drainage from that direction is seen 
to be towards the lake from the hills. At the last hill towards 
the right, at the house with a cupola, the drainage begins to be 
away from the lake, with the exception of a strip along the lake 


113 


slioie. Three or four houses and some boat-houses are seen on 
the shore. Not reproduced. Located on Plate I. 

Mahopac, 2. A. continuation of 1 to the right. More houses, 
including hotels and picnic grounds are shown. Just beyond 
the church with the low cupola, at the right of the center, the 
ground slopes away from the lake quite rapidly. The business 
portion of the village is in this direction on that slope. Not 
reproduced. Located on Plate I. 

Maliopac , 3.—A continuation of 2 to the right from a slightly 
different point of view. Additional buildings and picnic grounds 
on the lake shore are seen. The slope from the lake is as in 3. 
Not reproduced. Located on Plate I. 

Plate XLYI.— Mahopac , 4.—A continuation of 3 to the right 
from a slightly different point of view. A hotel and picnic grounds 
are dimly seen in the trees on the left. A store is directly on the 
bank on the left of the center and a boat-house on the right. Part 
of the buildings of the Thompson House are seen on the right. 
A sewer from the main hotel building apparently empties 
into the lake in front of the hotel. It may be simply the over¬ 
flow of a cesspool, but gave evidence of recent discharge at the 
time of our visit. Just back of the hotel the ground slopes 
down into a hollow in front of the hill in the background. 
Located on Plate I. 

Plate XLYII.— Mahopac , 5.— Continuation of 4 to the right. 
All of the Thompson House buildings are seen in this view, with 
the exception of part of the bar-room on the edge of the water at 
the extreme left. The remainder of that building is seen on the 
right of 4. These buildings are in order, the bar-room and a 
lodging place over it, a wash-house, a bathing machine, a small 
outbuilding, barns, and a small building used as a coop for fowls 
and as a place for killing and cleaning fowls and fish. All these 
buildings are directly at the water’s edge, or within a few feet of 
it, with drainage directly into the lake. The statement of the 

uses of the buildings is indication of the character of the refuse 

15 


114 


wliicli runs and is thrown into the water. The hotel proper is the 
large building whose roof shows above the trees. Here the 
slope from the lake only begins at the top of the hill in the back¬ 
ground. Located on Plate I. 

MaJiopcic, 6.— Shows a house and barns on the west side of 
the peninsula on the south shore of the lake whose drainage 
enters the water more or less directly. Not reproduced. Located 
on Plate I. 

Plate XLYIII.— Mciliopac , 7.—Was intended to show the build- 
ings on a small island just off the south shore of the lake, west of the 
peninsula, and connected with the shore by a causeway and bridge. 
One building shows plainly. There are three cottages in the trees at 
the right of the building which shows. All are quite close to the 
water and have some drainage into it. These are the buildings 
mentioned in item 146 of Table III, I think. Located on Plate I. 

Plate XLIX.— Maliopac , 8.— On the south shore of the lake near 
the west end. This view and 9 were taken from the larger island 
near the south shore, called Grand Island on some maps. Three or 
four houses are seen at varying distances from the lake. Others are 
concealed by the foliage. None of these are in bad condition as 
to their drainage into the water, but probably most of them need 
some attention. Located on Plate I. 

Mahopac, 9.— A continuation of 8 to the right. Three or four 
summer cottages are seen near the lake. These are new and 
others are building in the vicinity, indications of an increase 
of interest in the place as a summer resort. The manner of 
drainage of these buildiugs and of those that may be erected 
in the future should be carefully attended to. The Dean House 
is at the extreme right. Most of its buildings drain in the 
other direction, I think, as the ground slopes down from the 
lake, beginning at the main buildings of the hotel. One or two 
cottages, wash-house, etc., are on the lake shore and drain 
into it. The outlet to the lake is a short distance to the right 
of the hotel. Not reproduced, Located on Plate I, 


115 


Brewster , 1.— See Plate LXI. The reproduction is placed a 
little out of the regular order to put two half-page plates 
together. Located on Plate I. 

Plate L.— Brewster , 2.— Two, 3 and 4 are taken from a point 
just without the limits of the sketch of the village given on Plate 
IV, and show the village and a continuation of it along the East 
Branch of Croton river, down stream. The river runs from 
right to left across the three pictures, which fit very closely 

together and may be joined in one. It is at the foot of the 

slope in the fore-ground, on the nearer side of the main part 
of the village, which is seen in 4, and on the farther side of and 

close to the houses shown in 3, and the nearer houses shown 

in 2. The Harlem railroad runs along the side of the hill, its 
line showing most plainly in 3. One of the places suggested 
in the description of the village for sewage disposal works is 
at the left of 4 and the right of 3. Another is to the right of 
the village in 4, concealed by the foliage. Tonetta brook runs 
down the hill through the village, at the left of the buildings 
on the extreme left of 4 which stand upon its banks, and flows 
down across the middle ground of the picture, entering the 
river at a point in the center of the picture, concealed by foliage. 
The drainage of the entire village is either directly into the 
river or into Tonetta brook. The extension of the village shown 
in 3 and 2 is particularly close to the river and drains directly 
into it. A rear view of the buildings in 3 is given in 5. This 
extension is not given in the sketch of the village on Plate IV, 
and these four photographs are therefore located on Plate I. 

Plate LI.— Brewster , 3.— See 2. Located on Plate I. 

Plate LII.—- Brewster , 4.—See 2. Located on Plate I. 

Plate LIII. — Brewster , 5.—A view of the rear of the buildings 
shown in 3. The East Branch runs, as shown, from left to right, 
under the foot-bridge seen in the center. This shows the 
proximity of the houses, barns, privies and so-forth, to the 
river. The field in the fore-ground with the barn at the left 


116 


is subject to overflow by floods. There seem to have been 
no precautions taken to prevent organic wastes from reaching 
the river, and in some cases there is even a utilization of the 
stream for carrying off such wastes. Two, 3 and 4 were taken 
from a point about half-way up the slope on the extreme 
right of this picture. Located on Plate I. 

Brewster , 6.— Shows a garbage dump on the bank of 
Tonetta brook. This appears to be the general dump of the 
village, and is a mass of all sorts of organic and inorganic 
wastes. The street drainage runs down through it in times 
of rain, and whatever is soluble or can be washed out is 
carried directly into the brook, whose water is seen on the left. 
The picture gives a very fair idea of the character of the 
heap, though it does not show all, owing to the bushes and 
to the limitation in size of the plate. Not reproduced. 
Located on Plate IV, sketch of Brewster. 

Plate LIV .—Brewster , 7. —Is a view taken in the culvert which 
conveys Tonetta brook under the main street of the village. The 
culvert turns quite an angle and the view is taken looking up 
stream from a point just within its lower end. In the large 
black hole at the left of the center are the outlets of two 
sewers which seem to come from the directions of the two 
branches of the main street, the one coming from the east, 
and the other from the north. At the top of the right 
wall of the culvert, at the right of the center, is 
seen a small pipe, egg-shaped in cross section, which 
is the outlet to a third sewer. A little to the right of this 
is seen a slimy deposit upon the wall, which indicates the 
outlet of a drain from water-closets in the bank building 
which stands just above, in the middle of the space formed 
by the street intersections, as shown in the sketch of the 
village, Plate IV. The last two mentioned are in active use, 
as was demonstrated to us while taking the photograph. The 
first two are those described by Mr, Lucas in his report, item 


nr 


215 of Table III. All are sources of organic pollution, in the' 
form principally of human excrement, and their discharge into 
the stream should be strictly prohibited. Located on Plate 
IV, sketch of Brewster. 

Plate LY. — Brewster , 8. —This view was taken to give a sample 
of the manner in which a large part of the surface drainage of 
the village reaches the streams. In this case we have the 
rear of a row of buildings on the main street, just east 
of the culvert shown in 7. Tonetta brook runs from left to 
right in the fore-ground. The side of a mill standing over the 
brook shows on the right. The character of the back build¬ 
ings speaks for itself, and the ease with which the surface 
drainage reaches the stream is readily seen. This drainage 
includes the wash from barns, barn-yards and back yards, into 
which much refuse is thrown, and the overflow and seepage 
from the privy pits. The buildings have stores upon the first 
floor, with tenements above. The first building on the left is 
a bottling establishment, which discharges its liquid refuse 
directly into the stream, and whose pile of solid refuse is seen 
against the rear wall of the building on the bank of the 
stream, ready to be washed into it by the rains, or thrown 
into it to be carried off in times of flood. Beside this build¬ 
ing on the left are the ruins of the foundation of an old mill, 

which stood over the stream. Its reconstruction is possible, 

and should it happen, an additional source of pollution would 
arise. Above the culvert shown in 7 are the depot buildings 
of the Harlem railroad, which stand over the - stream. Much 
of the surface drainage from the main street enters the stream 
at the old mill foundation and at the depot. Of the character 
of this drainage I can speak from actual observation during a 
storm. Certainly a very large amount of organic matter was 

washed from the street, including the droppings of animals, 

large in quantity from the street being a standing place for 
many teams, and all sorts of refuse thrown into the street 


118 


from stores and houses. Located on Plate IV, sketch of 
Brewster. 

Plate LVI.— Brewster, 9.—Nine and 10 give views of a condensed 
milk factory and its auxiliary buildings, located at the eastern end of 
the village. The views were taken from the bridge of the New York 
and New England railroad over the East Branch of Croton river. 
Nine shows the rear of the factory buildings on the river and a 
residence or office building in front of them. A number of pipes 
are seen projecting from the building over the water. These are 
drainage pipes, discharging liquids ranging in purity from 
exhaust steam to the refuse from the condensers, and from 
washing of cans. The effect of the latter fluids upon the water 
can be seen for a considerable distance below the factory in the 
appearance of the water in the pools of the river, which is unmis¬ 
takably polluted by milk, and by the peculiarities of the vegeta¬ 
tion, due to the excess of animal matter in the water. Located 
on Plate IV, sketch of Brewster. 

Plate LVII.— Brewster, 10.— Ten is taken from a different point 
on the same bridge from which 9 was taken. It shows a number of 
buildings auxiliary to the condensed milk factory. The long shed 
on the river bank at the right is the same one shown in 9 at the left. 
At the left of this shed, between it and the small dwelling 
adjacent, is the outlet of a ditch which can be seen to come 
in a straight line from the buildings back from the river, and 
to receive drainage from barns and houses, which thus enters 
the river directly. Located on Plate IV, sketch of Brewster. 

East Branch Reservoir, 1.— One and 2 are views of the bed of 
the new reservoir at Southeast Center or Sodom, now construct¬ 
ing. One is taken from a point on the west side of the main 
reservoir a little above the stone dam, but little above the level of 
water in the reservoir, looking up the Covill’s brook arm. The 
hill in the center will be an island in the new reservoir. Men 
can be seen at work clearing trees from the lower slope of this 
hill. East Branch of Croton river flows at the foot of the slope 


119 


having come round the hill at the right, and flowing thence 
towards the left. Not reproduced. Located on Plate I. 

East Branch Reservoir , 2.— A view of the bed of the Bog 
brook or Mud pond portion of the reservoir, taken from a point 
on the east side and looking north. A glimpse of Mud pond is 
caught among the trees on the left. The view is taken on a steep 
slope from a point slightly, if any, above the new level of the 
water. Both views show good side slopes to the banks of 
the reservoir. One indicates a rather flat longitudinal slope up 
the arm from Covill’s brook, and views of the upper end of the 
arm up East Branch would show still flatter longitudinal slopes, 
though the side slopes are in most places all that could be 
asked for. The reservoir is lined in with parallel blue lines on 
Plate I. Not reproduced. Located on Plate I. 

Patterson , 1 and 2.—Are two attempts from two different points 
at views of the situation of the village of Patterson. In each the 
village is in the center of the picture on a flat plain extending 
across the view. At the right in each is a hill rising in the 
midst of the plain, surrounded by a marsh and peat bog which 
covers most of the plain to the right of and in front of 
the village. Not reproduced. One (the second) position of 
the camera is located on Plate I, nearly two miles south of 
the village. 

Pawling .— Is an attempt to show the position of the village of 
Pawling. It is in the center of the picture on a slight hight 
of land in the bottom of the large valley, diagonally across 
which the picture is taken, and is nearly three miles from the 
point of view. The picture is taken looking a little west of 
north, while the great valley runs a little east of north. From 
Pawling the surface drainage is in both directions along this 
valley, north into a branch of the Housatonic and south into 
the East Branch of Croton river. Not reproduced. Located 
on Plate I, nearly three miles a little east of south from the 
village. 


120 


Plate LYIII.— Tilly Foster, 1.— One and 2 give views of tlie 
buildings and houses of tlie Tilly Foster Iron Mines, 1 from the 
east and 2 from the north. The mine buildings, with some houses 
and stables are on a peninsula on the east shore of Middle Branch 
reservoir; there are two clusters of miners’ houses as shown on 
Plate I. In 1 are seen some of the mine buildings, a brick 
residence or office building and one or two houses and stables on 
the top of the piles of rock which have been taken from the mine 
and dumped on almost every available foot of the peninsula. At 
the foot of this pile on the shore of the reservoir, in the center 
of the view is a large stable whose drainage is directly into the 
reservoir. There is a house at the right of the stable, just hidden 
behind the slope of the hill in the fore-ground. At the extreme 
right is seen one of the southern cluster of houses. Located on 
Plate I. (The location indicated on the map is one-half mile due 
north of the place at which the photograph was taken.) 

Plate LIX.— Tilly Foster, 2.— Shows nearly all the mine build¬ 
ings and one or two boarding-houses on the peninsula. On the 
shore at the right of the center is a pump-house. One of the main 
mine buildings is the large one at the left with smoke-stack. Just 
at the right of this building, in the back-ground, show three of 
the southern cluster of miners’ dwellings, apparent only as white 
spots. At the extreme left shows one of the northern cluster of 
miners’ buildings, which extend thence to the left. All the 
buildings shown except the southern cluster of miners’ dwellings 
and one or two on the summit of the hill, drain towards the fore¬ 
ground into the reservoir either near the pump-house, or at the 
left opposite the house on the extreme left. The mine drainage 
and that from the mine buildings runs in the latter course and 
receives an addition of organic pollution from the refuse of some 
of the lower houses shown. The drainage of almost the entire 
place requires some attention. Located on Plate I. 

Plate LX.— Tilly Foster, 3.— Shows a barn on the west bank of 
Middle Branch reservoir, opposite Tilly Foster. The level of the 


121 


reservoir when full reaches nearly to the stone wall in front of 
the barn. This view was taken to give a sample of the method 
of drainage of many barns on the water-shed into water courses. 
It is a little more conspicuous than many, being close by a well- 
traveled road, and close to an artificial reservoir, but otherwise 
than that is no worse than many others in the list in Table IY. 
Located on Plate I. 

Plate LXI.— Brewster , 1.—This is a picture of a slaughter-house 
wlpcli drains into the low, wet place in the fore-ground and thence 
into Tonetta brook. It is almost as near to Tilly Foster as to Brews¬ 
ter, being about 3,000 feet along the Harlem railroad, north 
from the crossing of the railroads at Brewster, and is classed 
with Brewster as it drains into Tonetta brook. It is a source 
of obnoxious animal pollution, and adds its portion towards 
the pollution of Tonetta brook, which becomes considerable 
before the brook enters East Branch, as may be seen by examin¬ 
ing Brewster, 6, 7 and 8, and reading their descriptions. Located 
on Plate I. 

Plate LXII.— Carmel, 1.—A general view of the village. The 
main street of the village runs parallel to the lake shore, with a row 
of houses on each side of it for most of its length. With a few 
exceptions the houses on the side towards the lake drain into 
the lake, and those on the other side drain from the lake into 
a brook in the hollow at the right side of the view. The nearer 
church steeple is that of the Presbyterian church. The view 
is taken from the top of Drew Female Seminary, the large build¬ 
ing with cupola showing on the right of 2, and in 5 on the top of 
the hill in the background. The building near the right side 
is on the fair-ground. The general view shows quite clearly the 
feasibility of a sewerage system with outlet or outlets on the 
slope towards the right from the lake, where there is plenty of 
opportunity for sewage disposal works, at or above the level of 
the fair-ground. The outlet of Lake Gleneida is on the opposite 

side of the lake, at a point near the extreme left edge of the view. 

16 


122 


It drains into the West Branch of Croton river. The brook on 
the right runs into Middle Branch. Located on Plate IY, sketch 
of Carmel. 

Plate LXIII. — Carmel, 2.— Shows most of the buildings on the 
east shore of Lake Gleneida, more especially those not shown in 1 
and 5. The Presbyterian church steeple shows near the center 
and Drew Seminary at the right. The first large building from 
the right is a so-called “ milk factory,” from which there is a 
large amount of drainage quite obnoxious in character, in the 
way of washings from cans and churns and the general waste 
of the operations carried on. The next is a tenement-house 
on the shore directly. Near this building, a little back, is the 
depot of the New York and Northern railroad. Then follow 
a number of buildings, houses, stores, shops, school-house 
and privies, barns, and so-forth, set either directly on the 
bank or within a few feet of it, whose drainage is quite 
directly into the lake. To the right of the portion shown in 
the view are a number of small houses on the bank of the 
lake, with pig-pens, privies and chicken-houses also on the 
banks. Though small, they are sufficiently numerous and 
concentrated in quality to deserve close attention. The j)ic- 
ture was taken from the rear of one of these. Located on 
Plate IY, sketch of Carmel. 

Carmel , 3.— Three and 4 together give a full view of Lake 
Gleneida. They are taken from the same spot, and together 
form a complete view of the lake and of almost all of the 
village. They give other views of the same buildings shown 
in the other pictures, with but few minor additions, and are 
on smaller scale, owing to the distance of the point of view, 
and are therefore not reproduced. The point of view is not 
within the limits of the sketch of the village on Plate IY, and 
they are therefore located on Plate I. 

Carmel , 4.— See 3. Not reproduced. Located on Plate I. 


123 


Plate LXIY.— Carmel, 5.—Tlie buildings on tlie east shore not 
shown on 2 or 6 are here shown. Those shown on 2 appear, but on 
smaller scale, owing to their distance from the point of view, 
which was a little dock at the rear of the residence of N. P. 
Barnes. Only the back buildings of the lots show. The 
houses are generally near the street and back a short 
distance from the lake shore, as indicated on the sketch, 
Plate IY. Drew Seminary shows on top of the hill in the 
back-ground. A little to the right of it and on or near the 
lake shore, are the “ milk factory,” railroad depot, and so- 
forth. Located on Plate IY, sketch of Carmel. 

Plate LXY.— Carmel, 6.— Taken from the same place as 5, and 
looking in the opposite direction, this view shows the buildings 
about the northeast corner of Lake Gleneida. The first building 
on the right is a barn and cliicken-liouse, the next a landing 
dock for row-boats at the hotel, the next the hotel livery 
stable, the drainage from which enters the lake directly, as 
well as the surface drainage from the hotel yard and the 
seepage from its privy vaults. Beyond are sheds and shops 
and a residence on the lake shore, and two or three residences 
on the opposite side of the road from the lake. Considerable 
road drainage enters the lake from this road where it runs along 
the lake shore. Located on Plate IY, sketch of Carmel. 

Plate LXYI.— Cole's Mills, 1.— This view, taken looking up 
stream from a bridge, over West Branch of Croton river, at Cole’s 
Mills, needs no explanation. It is the worst case of several here 
and further up the stream and up a small branch which comes 
down from the left a short distance behind the houses shown. 
Located on Plate I. 

Plate LXYII .—Coles Mills, 2.—This view, taken from the same 
place, looking down stream, needs no further explanation than the 
statement that the house to which the barns shown belong is just 
to the right of the picture, and less than one hundred feet 
horizontally from low-water mark. Located on Plate I. 


124 


Plate LXYIII. — Boyd's Corners , 1.— Shows buildings at Kent 
Cliffs Postoffice, on the shore of the West Branch, or Boyd’s Corners 
reservoir. The buildings shown are a store and postoffice, a church 
and sheds. Just off the left edge is a house on the opposite side 
of the road from the water. The water was drawn down 
somewhat at the time this picture was taken. Its highest 
level seems to be at the line between bare ground and vegeta¬ 
tion, shown quite clearly in the photograph, and almost as 
clearly in the reproduction. Located on Plate I. 

Plate LXIX. — Boyd's Corners , 2.-— Shows, with 1, almost all 
the buildings near the West Branch reservoir. None of them 
appear to need very much attention. The one appearing to need 
most is near the right hand edge of the picture, and is shown 
in 3. Located, on Plate I. 

Boyd's Corners , 3.— This house has a privy set on the bank 
just above a small run, an inlet to the reservoir, into which 
it drains. This building is at the extreme right of the picture 
among the trees, and could easily be moved to a place at a 
sufficient distance from the water-course. A second house, a 
little nearer the water than the one in the center of the pic¬ 
ture, shows in part at the left. Both are on the opposite side 
of the road from the reservoir. Not reproduced. Located on 
Plate I. 

III.—CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF CROTON WATER. 

The following from Professor Elwyn Waller, Ph. D., of Colum¬ 
bia College, New York city, will show what are the numbers and 
what the characters of analyses that have been made of the 
Croton water since it was first determined upon as a source of 
supply for the city. Many of the results have been published 
in the reports of the City Health Department, and elsewhere, 
but there are many analyses given in Table Y which have not 
been published in any form before. Plate LXX, accompanying, 
gives a graphical representation of the variation in amount of 


125 


the various impurities of the water, in the three years whose 
results are fullest (1876, 1885-6 and 1888.) Similar diagrams 
(not reproduced) have been prepared for all the years of Table Y, 
by plotting the separate results in a similar manner. A curve 
showing the variation in the total monthly flow of the river is 
added to the diagrams, the figures being given in Table II. 
There are indications that the proportional amounts of chlorine 
and of nitrogen in nitrates increase with an increase of flow in 
the stream, and that there is a decrease in the proportional 
amounts of albuminoid ammonia, total solids, and hardness, with 
such increase of flow. The indications are probably not so 
strong as they would be if the period of the curve showing 
variation of flow had the same number of days as those showing 
the variation in amount of impurities. Data regarding flow of 
river in sufficient detail to reduce the length of the period were 
not at hand. 

At the jDresent time estimations of chlorine, organic and volatile 
matter, and mineral matter are made daily. Once a week a more 
complete analysis of the water is made. In Table Y the results 
for 1888 are those of these weekly analyses. 

The following is from Professor Waller : 

“ I present herewith the results of the examinations of the 
Croton water for a number of years. The complete analyses of 
the water, at the time of, or soon after its introduction in 1843, 
possess an interest that is more of historical than of sanitary 
importance. A series of examinations were made by Dr. C. P. 
Chandler when chemist to the Metropolitan board of health, 
during the summer and later months of 1867, ’68, ’69. During 
1870 and 1871, so far as I am aware, no examinations of the 
Croton water were made. In 1872, under orders from the board 
of health, I began a series of weekly examinations of the 
Croton water, which was continued for nearly seven years. 
Subsequent to the middle of 1879 the Croton water was examined 
with more or less frequency, either by myself personally or 


126 


under my personal direction and supervision, until tlie middle of 
1886. I know that more examinations have been made than 
appear from the tables submitted, but unfortunately some note¬ 
books or other records of the results have been mislaid or lost, 
so that the record is more fragmentary than it should be. The 
results for 1887 and the table for 1888 are collated from the 
reports of the chemist to the board of health, Mr. E. W. Martin. 
Since January, 1888, those examinations have been made daily, 
the results being published every week in the City Record. 

“ I am also able to communicate a few of the results obtained 
by Dr. Chandler in 1868, and by myself in 1885, on some samples 
taken in the Croton water-shed. 

“In some of the tables are given results obtained on samples 
taken nearly at the same time in different parts of the city, 
which are interesting as showing the degree of uniformity in the 
quality of the supply at different places. 

Tests Applied. 

“The color of the water has been usually a faint shade of 
green, yellow or brown. 

“The odor, except at infrequent intervals, has been practi¬ 
cally nil. 

“ Tests have been made for phosphates and nitrates since 1880, 
but the results have been uniformly negative, and hence I have 
not cumbered the tables with the record. 

“ The chlorine was determined by the use of a standard solu¬ 
tion of silver nitrate. Its equivalent in sodium chloride is also 
recorded. 

“ The nitrogen in nitrates was determined by treatment of some 
of the water with zinc coated with a film of copper. This couple, 
by galvanic action, evolved hydrogen. By this means the nitrogen 
in nitrates was converted into ammonia and thus estimated. 

“ Free ammonia was obtained by distilling half a litre of the 
water with solution of sodium carbonate, and estimating the 
ammonia in the distillate. 


127 


“Albuminoid ammonia was determined by a similar distillation 
of another half litre of water with potassium permanganate and 
potash. -This gave ‘ total ammonia.’ Then by deducting the 
amount of ‘ free ammonia ’ the figure for albuminoid ammonia 
was obtained. Some chemists use a different method; e. g., using 
a smaller quantity of water, and distilling nearly to dryness, which 
gives results not comparable with the method above outlined. 

“ Hardness as recorded gives the soap-destroying power of the 
water, the tests having been made with a weak alcoholic solution 
of soap. The hardness of a water is chiefly due to lime salts, 
though other than lime compounds contribute to it. For the 
sake of uniformity, it is customary to record it in terms of carbon¬ 
ate of lime, e. g., a water of three degrees of hardness has the 
same soap-destroying power as distilled water containing three 
parts in 100,000 of carbonate of lime. 

“ Organic and volatile matter , mineral matter , and total solids 
(by evaporation) are the record of a single set of operations. A 
measured quantity of the water is evaporated and the residue 
weighed. The result is recorded as ‘ Total Solids .’ The evapora¬ 
tion has however decomposed the bi-carbonates (leaving 
mono-carbonates), and a portion of the organic substance 
originally present may have escaped with the aqueous vapor. 
The residue is then heated to redness over the lamp. 
This burns off organic matter chiefly, but at the same time 
may volatilize partially or entirely some of the mineral sub¬ 
stances present. The loss is recorded as * Organic and Vola¬ 
tile Matter and what remains as ‘ Mineral Matter The duration 
and intensity of the heat applied will cause noticeable differences 
in the results obtainable for the last two items, so that their 
significance is not great. Some chemists regard them as so crude 
an indication of the quality of the water that they do not ignite 
the residue, but record simply ‘ Total Solids .’ 

“The tests marked ‘ Oxygen Required 5 were made from 1807 to 
1879 by W. A. Miller’s method — addition of small amounts of 
potassium permanganate to the acidified water, until no percep- 


128 


tible absorption of oxygen (and consequent destruction of the 
permanganate) occurred in half an hour at ordinary temperatures. 

“ The few tests made in subsequent years, recorded as ‘ Tidy's 
Test,' were by the method proposed by Dr. 0. M. Tidy—adding 
an excess of potassium permanganate to the acidified water, 
and after a definite lapse of time, as recorded, determining the 
amount of undecomposed permanganate remaining. The two 
methods do not give results which are comparable with each 
other. 

“ The use of these tests for the amount of oxygen absorbed 
has been abandoned for the following reasons : Several different 
modes of making the test are (or were) in use, and the results by 
different methods are not comparable with each other. More¬ 
over, the interpretation of -the results is uncertain. My own 
experiments with both Tidy’s and Miller’s methods or others have 
shown that the amount of oxygen absorbed is often low in 
waters known to be contaminated, and sometimes the reverse 
has been the case. 

Significance of the Tests. 

“ In judging of the quality of a water, the most important 
question is whether it is contaminated with animal matter, 
either the excreta of living beings or the products of the 
decomposition of their dead bodies. To all intents, all of the 
substances on the list are not only in themselves harmless, 
but also exist naturally to some extent in waters of the best 
quality obtainable. Sewage, which may be taken as the repre¬ 
sentative of the contamination referred to, contains consider¬ 
able amounts of chlorides, of lime salts, and of mineral matters 
generally, represented by. Chlorine, Hardness and Total Solids 
in Table Y. It also contains considerable proportions of nitro¬ 
genous substances. Of the proportion of these we are forced 
to judge by the products of their partial decomposition. Organic 
substances containing nitrogen, especially those of animal 
origin, on decomposing when exposed to the ordinary influ¬ 
ences of heat, light and moisture, give up a considerable pro- 


129 


portion of their nitrogen in the form of ammonia. Some, as 
urea, decompose comparatively rapidly, while others (albumi¬ 
noids, etc.) are more slow. If, however, water containing 
putrescent nitrogenous matter is caused to percolate through 
the soil, much of the nitrogen which might otherwise have 
formed ammonia is converted into the form of nitrate, and 
sometimes in contaminated waters we may detect the inter- 

I 

mediate stage — nitrites. 

“Hence, in testing a water, examinations are made for free 
ammonia (sometimes called ‘ureal ammonia’), to discover 
whether much nitrogenous material which has decomposed, or 
is in process of decomposition, is present; also for albuminoid 
ammonia , which by an artificial hastening of the process of 
decomposition will serve to indicate whether there is present 
much material capable of such decomposition, and also for 
nitrates and nitrites , to determine whether there is probably in 
the water nitrogenous material in process of such changes as 
are induced by percolation through the soil. Sewage, unless 
it comes in contact with the soil, contains little or no nitrates 
and nitrites, but shows large quantities (comparatively speak¬ 
ing) of free and albuminoid ammonia. Wanklyn and some 
other authorities have asserted that when the nitrogen has 
reached the condition of nitrate all danger from contamination 
is passed, but cases which are constantly brought to the atten¬ 
tion of water analysts show that this view is untenable. 

Comparison of Results. 

“The records of the last twenty years are, as has been said, 
fragmentary, and in considering them two points must be 
borne in mind; one, that the proportions of the constituents 
of the water vary with the season; the other, that for some of 
the years the results given in the tables of comparison are 
averaged on a limited number of examinations, so that the 

figures taken as a whole show more properly the variations to 

17 


130 


wliicli the water has been subject, and hence some discrimina¬ 
tion must be used in comparing them. 

“ First as to mineral constituents. In order to compare what 
fairly represent yearly averages, we may take for chlorine, 


Average for 1876 . 0.210 

Average for last half of 1885 and first half of 1886. 0.280 

Average for 1888. 0.202 


“ These figures would go to show that the water was probably 
about the same in ’88 as in ’76, but had been somewhat inferior 


in 1885-86. 

“ For hardness we may compare 

1873 . 3.395 

1874 . 3.332 

1875 . 3.293 

1876 . 3.159 

1877 . 3.260 

1878 . 2.846 

Last half of 1885 and first half of 1886.. 3.832 

1888. 3.699 


“With the exception of 1885-86, the result for 1888 is the 
highest, indicating a deterioration since 1873, though the water 
is better for 1888 than a few years previous. 

“For total solids we may compare 


1873 . 7.82 

1874 . 7.59 

1875 . 7.491 

187G. 7.094 

1877 . 7.426 

1878 . 7.203 

Last half of 1885 and first half of 1886. 7.315 

1888.•. 6.812 


“A tolerably regular decrease seems to have taken place since 
1873. As judged by these figures, it cannot be said that the 
water has declined in quality. 

“Turning now to the nitrogenous constituents. The data only 
afford a satisfactory comparison between the complete years 
1885- 86 and 1888. The results for 1881 and 1882 are, however 




























131 


averaged on examinations, which, though few' in number, were 
tolerably well scattered through those years, and they therefore 
may serve for comparison, with some reserve. The comparison 
would then stand: 

, Nitrogen Free Albuminoid 
in nitrates, ammonia, ammonia. 


1881 (partial). 0.0189 0.0015 0.0117 

1^82 “ . 0.0214 0.0018 0.0132 

1885-86 ... 0.0457 0.0023 0.0088 

1888. 0.0452 0.0005 0.0078 


“As in the cases of hardness and chlorine, the results of 
1885-6 indicate a more unsatisfactory condition of the water 
at that time than more recently. The tests made in 1881 
and 1882 were chiefly in the warmer months of the year, 
when the ammonias are, as a rule, higher, and the nitrates 
lower than in the colder months. 

“ The nitrates are more than doubled in the later years, 
the increase being far more than could reasonably be allowed 
under the circumstances for the difference of season. An 
examination of the details of the examinations given in 
Table Y for different years shows that at present 0.02 for 
nitrogen is exceptionally small, whereas, previously, 0.04 was 
an exceptionally high figure. 

“Free ammonia has also increased in 1885-6, in spite of 
the difference due to season, though it diminished materially 
in 1888. 

“Albuminoid ammonia is about the same in 1885-6 as in 
1881 or 1882, if we allow for the difference due to season, 
though it has slightly decreased in 1888. 

Examination of Samples Taken Within the Croton Watershed. 

“ For the purposes of comparison the data afforded by 
Dr. Chandler’s results in 1868, and my own in 1885, are 
insufficient. Taking my examinations of 1885 by themselves, 
the quality of the water of Titicus river (near the condensed 
milk factory) was unsuitable for use, while at the dam and 
in Cross river it was at that time fair, though not thoroughly 
satisfactory in quality. 











132 


TABLE Y — Results of Analyses of Croton Water. 


Results calculated for 100,000 parts of ivater. 


COMPLETE ANALYSES OF 
CROTON WATER. 

Analyst, Prof. 

J. C. Booth. 

Analyst, 

Dr. J. Ii. 
Chilton. 

Analyst, 

C. F. Chandler. 

Analyst, 

E. YValler. 

1. 

2 . 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7 . 

1843. 

1843. 

Aug., 

1859. 

Sum’r, 

1869. 

May, 

1872. 

May, 

1879. 

Nov., 

1881. 

Sodium Chloride. 


J0.629 

( 0.577 

0.690 

0.487 

0.351 

0.351 

Calcium Sulphate. 


( 0.504 

0.272 

0.041 

1.239 


Alkaline Chlorides. 

0.276 







Potassium Sulphate. 




0.309 

0.351 

0.322 

0.345 

Sodium Sulphate. 




0.449 

0.041 

0.343 

0.371 

Alkaline Carbonates. 

1.183 


0.386 




0.092 

Magnesium Chloride. 


}1.286 

0.210 





Calcium Chloride. 


0.149 





Magnesium Carbonate. 

1.341 

1.200 

0.557 

(1.888) 

(1.320) 

1.575 

1.174 

Calcium Carbonate. 

3.276 

2.171 

0.194 

(2.826) 

(2.467) 

2.830 

2.262 

Magnesium Bicarbonate. 




3.280 

2.294 



Calcium Bicarbonate. 




4.578 

3.996 



Ferric and Aluminic Oxides. 

0.157 

) 

In q 

Trace 

0.100 

0.300 

0.078 

Silica. 

0.513 

>0.657 


1.060 

0.380 

0.470 

3.360 

Organic and Volatile. 

0.394 

) 

1.309 

1.150 

1.500 

0.960 

0.400 

Total. 



5.129 

11.788 

9.190 



Solids by evaporation. 

7.140 

5.943 

5.293 

8.200 

6.600 

8.390 

5.432 

Chlorine. 



0.508 

0.416 

0.294 

0.213 

0.213 


Nos. 1 and 2, From Illustrations of the Croton Aqueduct. F B. Tower, N. Y., 1843. 
P. 135. 

No. 3. Report of Water Commissioners of Albany for 1865. P. 50. 

Nos. 4 and 5. Report of Board of Health for 1871. New York. P. 371. 

No. 6. Report on Croton Water. New York, 1881. P.45. 

The entire table is extracted from a pamphlet, “ The Water Supply of the City of New 
York.” By E. Waller. Ph. D. 


Sources of the Croton Water Supply. 


No. 


1 .. 

2 .. 


4 .. 


6 .. 

7.. 

8 .. 

0 .. 

10 .. 
11 .. 
12 .. 

13 .. 

14.. 

15.. 

16.. 

17.. 

18.. 


Results of Dr. C. F. Chandler , 18G8. 


SOURCE OF WATER. 

Inorg. 

Org. and 
vol. 

Total. 

Oxygen 

required. 

Beaver dam brook, near Katonah. 

Cross river, near Katonah. 

Croton river, main stream, one mile west of 

8.03 

6.13 

j 6.25 

0.78 

0.65 

0.68 

8.84 

6.78 

6.93 

0.1620 

0.1512 

0.1080 

Katonah station. 

Titicus river, near Purdy’s station. 

Croton river. West Branch, near bridge at 
Croton Falls. . 

9.19 

1.22 

10.41 

0.1404 

| 5.62 

1.03 

6.65 

0.1188 

Croton river, East Branch, at Croton Falls... 

9.20 

1.13 

10.33 

0.1242 

Croton river, East Br., near DeForest’s Cor. 

9.83 

1.19 

10.92 

0.1350 

New dam, reservoir E. 

5.20 

1.21 

6.41 

0.1901 

AVhite Pond b’k or Wright’s b’k near res. E. 

5.43 

0.86 

6.29 

0.0972 

Black Pond brook, near reservoir E_ 

4.81 

1.08 

5.89 

0.2376 

Black pond. 

4.83 

1.67 

6.50 

0.3456 

C<>ld Spring brook flowing into Black pond. 

2.06 

1.83 

3.89 

0.4320 

White pond, one mile above Millerton. 

3.32 

1.51 

4.83 

0.1404 

Cleneida pond outlet. 

5.40 

0.92 

6.32 

0.1620 

Mu scoot creek, near the head of Croton lake, 

8.06 

0.89 

8.95 

0.1404 

Croton lake at its head. 

7.41 

1.16 

8.57 

0.1512 

Kisco brook at Croton lake. 

6.43 

0,89 

7.32 

0.1890 

Croton lake at the dam. 

7.42 

1.13 

8.55 

0.2322 

Average of the eighteen samples. 

Average for the summer in the city. 

6.36 

5.66 

1.10 

1.97 

7.46 

7.63 

0.1809 

0.1680 

- • 


Third Annual Report of the Metropolitan Board of Health, 1868 , Table V., p. 469, 





































































































































133 


TABLE Y — ( Continued). 

Examinations of Croton Water, Summer of 1867 — (Parts per 100,000). 

Results of Dr. C. F. Chandler. 


DATE. 

Source 

of 

water. 

1867. 

June 28 *. 

Seenote* 

July 8*. ' . 

July 19. 


July 25. 


August 1. 


August 8. 


August 15. 


August 22. 


August 29. 


Sept. 5. 


Sept. 12. 


Sept. 19. 


Sept. 26 . 


October 4. 


October 10. 



Average for 13 weeks 


Inorg. 

Org. and 
vol. 

Total. 

Hard¬ 

ness. 

Oxygen 

required. 

5.50 

0.60 

6.10 

4.00 

0.1908 

6.18 

0.85 

7.03 


0.1757 

5.70 

1.37 

7.07 

4.10 

0.1744 

6.18 

1.22 

7.40 

4.36 

0.1892 

7.08 

1.04 

8.12 

4.25 

0.1931 

6.27 

1.72 

7.99 

4.27 

0.1942 

6.52 

1.83 

8.35 

4.30 

0.2155 

6.23 

1.22 

7.45 

4.07 

0.2155 

6.97 

0.97 

7.94 

4.24 

0.1933 

6.85 

1.55 

8.40 

4.34 

0.1794 

6.79 

1.26 

8.05 

4.48 

0.1478 

7.08 

0.89 

7.97 

4.34 

0.2042 

6.78 

1.02 

7.80 

4.53 

0.1959 

7.40 

0.22 

7.59 

4.43 

0.1241 

7.28 

0.58 

7.85 1 

4.49 

0.1280 

6.72 

1.12 

7.84 

4.32 

0.1809 


*The water examined June 28 and July 8 was taken only from the hydrant at 
the School of Mines, Columbia college. The figures given for the other dates are 
the averages of results obtained on three separate samples drawn on the days 
designated— one from the hydrant at the School of Mines, another from the Fifth 
Avenue reservoir, and a third from the Central Park reservoir. 

Second Annual Report of the Metropolitan Board of Health, 1867. Table C, Nos. I and 
II, pp. 398 and 399. 


Examinations of Croton Water, Summer of 1868. 
Results of Dr. C. F. Chandler. 


DATE. 

Source of water. 

Inorg. 

Org. and 
vol. 

Total. 

Hard¬ 

ness. 

Oxygen 

required. 

1868. 

July 23.... 
July 23.... 
Aug. 6.... 

Hydrant, School of Mines.. 
Reservoir, Fifth avenue.... 

6.25 

7.25 

2.01 

2.12 

8.26 

9.37 



Hydrant, School of Mines.. 

6.22 

2.13 

8.35 


0.125 

Aug. 6- 

Reservoir, Fifth avenue — 

5.72 

2.60 

8.12 


0.142 

Aug. 19- 

Hydrant, School of Mines.. 

5.22 

2.10 

7.32 


0.142 

Aug. 19- 

Reservoir, Fifth avenue_ 

5.40 

1.69 

7.09 


0.171 

Sept. 2_ 

Hydrant, School of Mines.. 

5.55 

1.70 

7.25 


0.183 

Sept. 2 ... 

Reservoir, Fifth avenue — 

5.04 

2.36 

7.40 


0.171 

Sept. 17_ 

Hydrant, School of Mines.. 

5.31 

1.70 

7.01 


0.171 

Sept. 17_ 

Reservoir. Fifth avenue.. . 

5.60 

1.80 

7.40 


0.206 

Oct. 1_ 

Hydrant, School of Mines.. 

5.40 

1.91 

7.31 


0.183 

Oct. 1_ 

Reservoir, Fifth avenue.... 

4.98 

1.70 

6.68 


0.183 

Average for three months. 

5.66 

1.97 

7.63 

• 

0.168 


Third Annual Report of the Metropolitan Board of Health, 1868, Table II., p. 468. 




























































































134 


TABLE Y — ( Continued ). 

Examinations of Croton Water, Last Half of 1869 — (Parts per 

100 , 000 ). 

Results of Dr. C. F. Chandler. 


DATE. 

Source of water. 

Inorg. 

Org. and 
vol. 

Total. 

Hard¬ 

ness. 

Oxygen 

required. 

1869. 

July 6.... 
July 13.... 

See note below. 

7.60 

7.60 

1.10 

1.20 

8.60 

8.80 

4.235 

4.425 

0.1390 

0.1345 

July 20 .... 


6.30 

1.35 

. 7.65 

5.605 

0.1307 

July 27.... 


7.35 

0.95 

8.30 

5.630 

0.1060 

Aug. 3.... 


7.65 

0.60 

8.25 

4.785 

0.1059 

Aug. 13.... 


6.85 

0.80 

7.65 

6.050 

0 0984 

Aug. 17... 
Aug. 24_ 


5,90 

1.80 

7.70 

5.770 

0.0794 


7.35 

0.50 

7.85 

5.870 

0.0733 

Aug. 31_ 


6.55 

1.50 

8.05 

6.210 

0.0798 

Sept. 7_ 


8.45 

0.35 

8.80 

6.210 

0.0775 

Sept. 14_ 


7.00 

1.65 

8.65 

6.410 

0.0737 

Sept. 28 .... 


8.50 

3.00 

11.50 

6.330 

0.0927 

Oct. 12_ 

• 

6.80 

2.20 

9.00 

4.880 

0.1475 

Oct. 26_ 


8.15 

0.55 

8.70 

4.840 

.0.1418 

Nov. 9_ 


7.10 

0.75 

7.85 

4.995 

0.1210 

Nov. 23.... 


6.70 

0.70 

7.40 

4.700 

0.1248 

Dec. 8_ 


5.55 

1.55 

7.10 

4.515 

0.1191 

Dec. 21 .... 


5.70 

0.20 

5.90 

4.545 

0.0945 



Average for six months. 

7.07 

1.15 

• 

8.20 

5.360 

0.1074 




Each figure represents the average of results obtained on two samples drawn on the 
days specified — one from the Fifth Avenue reservoir, the other from the Central Park 
reservoir. 

Fourth Annual Report of the Metropolitan Board of Health, 1869. Table III, p. 417. 


Examination of Croton Water, 1872. 



DATE. 

Inorg. 

Org. and 
vol. 

Total. 

Hard¬ 

ness. 

Oxygen 

required. 

May 

Nov. 

1872. 

11*. 

5.00 

1.6 

6.6 



lit. 

8.43 

0.60 

9.03 

3.686 

0.1860 

Nov. 

19. 

7.35 

0.85 

8.20 

3.200 

0.1608 

Nov. 

22. 

7.00 

0.52 

7.52 

3.400 

0.2000 

Nov. 

30. 

8.00 

0.20 

8.20 

3.076 

0.1250 

Dec. 

6. 

7.60 

0.20 

7.80 

3.807 

0.0853 

Dec. 

14. 

7.56 

0.04 

7.60 

4.800 

0.1210 

Dec. 

21. 

7.00 

0.60 

7.60 

3.300 

0.1250 

Dec. 

28. 

6.60 

0.80 

7.40 

4.539 

0.1025 

Average, excluding that of May. 

7.44 

0.48 

7.92 

3.726 

0.1356 


* Second Annual Report of the Board of Health, 1871. Report of Dr. C. F. Chandler, 
p. 371. 

t The results for November 11, and subsequently, are taken from the Third Annual 
Report of the Board of Health, 1872. Report by E, Waller, A. M., etc. P. 296. 





















































































i35 


TABLE Y — ( Continued ). 

Examinations of Croton Water, 1873 — (Parts per 100,000). 


DATE. 


1873. 


Jan. 

4... 

Jan. 

11 ... 

Jan. 

18... 

Jan. 

25... 

Feb. 

1 ... 

Feb. 

8 ... 

Feb. 

15... 

Feb. 

22... 

Mar. 

1 .., 

Mar. 

8 ... 

Mar. 

15... 

Mar. 

22... 

Mar. 

29... 

April 

5... 

April 

12.. 

April 

19.. 

April 

26... 

May 

3.. 

May 

10.. 

May 

17.., 

May 

24.. 

May 

31.. 

June 

7.. 

June 

14.. 

June 

21.. 

June 

28.. 

July 

5.. 

July 

12.. 

July 

19.. 

July 

26.. 

Aug. 

2.. 

Aug. 

9.. 

Aug. 

16.. 

Aug. 

23.. 

Aug. 

30.. 

Sept. 

20.. 

Sept. 

27.. 

Oct. 

4.. 

Oct. 

11.. 

Oct. 

18.. 

Oct. 

25.. 

Nov. 

1 .. 

Nov. 

8 .. 

Nov. 

15.. 

Nov. 

22.. 

Nov. 

29.. 

Dec. 

6.. 

Dec. 

13.. 

Dec. 

20 .. 

Dec. 

27.. 


Average for 1873 


Inorg. 

Org. and 
vol. 

Total. 

Hard¬ 

ness. 

Oxygen 

required. 

7.20 

0.80 

* 

8.00 

3.46 

0.120 

7.20 

1.00 

8.20 

3.16 

0.087 

5.00 

2.20 

7.20 

2.80 

0.102 

4.60 

1.00 

5.60 

2.80 

0.085 

6.40 

0.60 

7.00 

2.60 

0.085 

6.40 

0.80 

7.20 

2.90 

0.102 

5.40 

1.40 

6.80 

3.16 

0.154 

6.28 

1.00 

7.28 

3.16 

0.094 

5.80 

1.60 

7.40 

3.40 

0.094 

6.20 

1.40 

7.60 

3.40 

0.085 

7.20 

1.20 

8.40 

3.16 

0.085 

6.80 

1.40 

8.20 

3.00 

0.085 

6.20 

1.40 

7.60 

2.88 

0.145 

5.40 

1.40 

6.80 

2.88 

0.085 

4.80 

1.60 

6.40 

2.88 

0.120 

4.60 

1 20 

5.80 

2.74 

0.128 

4.20 

1.60 

5.80 

2.89 

0.171 

5.80 

0.60 

6.20 

3.15 

0.136 

4.80 

1.80 

6.60 

2.89 

0.102 

5.80 

1.20 

7.00 

2.89 

0.128 

5.80 

1.60 

7.40 

3.15 

0.145 

5.80 

1.20 

7.00 

3.42 

0.128 

5.80 

1.60 

7.40 

3.42 

0.145 

6.20 

1.20 

7.40 

3.68 

0.180 

5.40 

4.40 

9.80 

3.68 

0.180 

6.60 

2.00 

8.60 

3.94 

0.133 

7.20 

1.60 

8.80 

3.94 

0.116 

6.00 

2.00 

8.00 

3.94 

0.107 

5.80 

1.80 

7.60 

3.68 

0.089 

5.60 

1.20 

6.80 

3.68 

0.133 

4.60 

2.00 

6.60 

3.68 

0.116 

4.60 

1.60 

6.20 

3.42 

0.125 

6.00 

2.40 

8.40 

3.16 

0.116 

7.20 

1.40 

8.60 

3.42 

0.116 

6.40 

1.60 

8.00 

3.42 

0.180 

• 6.00 

2.20 

8.20 

3.608 

0.217 

7.80 

1.60 

9.40 

4.123 

0.173 

8.00 

1.40 

9.40 

3.865 

0.148 

6.60 

1.60 

8.20 

3.865 

0.165 

7.60 

1.80 

9.40 

3.865 

0.200 

7.40 

2.60 

10.00 

3.865 

0.173 

8.00 

2.40 

10.40 

3.608 

0.217 

7.20 

2.40 

9.60 

3.608 

0.217 

8.00 

2.60 

10.60 

3.350 

0.252 

6.80 

2.00 

8.80 

3.608 

0.191 

7.40 

1.60 

9.00 

3.350 

0.144 

6.80 

1.40 

8.20 

3.092 

0.107 

6.60 

1.40 

8.00 

3.092 

0.144 

5.80 

1.20 

7.00 

2.834 

0.167 

5.60 

1.40 

7.00 

2.834 

0.119 

6.23 

1.59 

7.82 

3.395 

0.135 


Third Report of Board of Health, p. 296, and Fourth Report of Board of Health, p. 453, 





















































































136 


TABLE V — ( Continued). 

Examinations of Croton Water, 1874 — (Parts per 100,000). 


DATE, 

Free' 

ammonia. 

Albu¬ 

minoid 

ammonia 

1874. 

Jan. 3 . 



Jan. 10. 



Jan. 17. 



Jan. 24. 



Jan, 31. 



Feb. 7 . 



Feb. 14 . 



Feb. 21 . 



Feb. 28. 



Mar. 7. 



Mar. 14. 



Mar. 21. 



Mar. 28. 



April 4. 



April 11. 



April 18 . 



April 25. 



May 2. 

. 


May 9 . 


May 16 . 



May 23 . 



May 30 . 


• • .. 

June 6 . 


June 13 . 

. 


July 4 . 


July 11 . 



July 18.. . 

. 

i 

•••••••• 

July 25 . 

Aug. 1 . 



Aug. 8 . 



Aug. 15 . 

0.001 

0.001 

0.0007 

0.0145 

0.015 

0.0147 

Aug. 22 . 

Aug. 29 . 

Sept. 5 . 

Sept. 12 . 



Sept. 19 . 



Sept. 26. 



Oct. 3. 



Oct. 10. 



Oct. 17. 



Oct. 24. 



Oct. 31. 



Nov. 7. 



Nov. 14. 



Nov. 21.. 



Nov. 28. 



Dec. 5. 



Dec. 1-2.. 



Dec. 19. 



Dec. 26 . 




Average for 1874 


= 


lnorg. 

Org. anc 
vol. 

Total. 

« 

Hard¬ 

ness. 

Oxygen 

required. 

5.80 

1.40 

7.20 

2.834 

0.095 

5.60 

1.40 

7.00 

2.834 

0.135 

5.60 

2.00 

7.60 

2.320 

0.119 

5.00 

1.40 

6.40 

2.834 

0.107 

6.00 

0.40 

6.40 

2.576 

0.095 

6.00 

1.40 

7.40 

2.834 

0.119 

6.80 

1.40 

8.20 

2.834 

0.071 

6.60 

1.40 

8.00 

2.834 

0.083 

5.20 

1.80 

7.00 

2.834 

0.083 

4.80 

1.60 

6.40 

2.834 

0.113 

5.20 

1.80 

7.00 

2.576 

0.095 

5.40 

1.40 

6.80 

2.834 

0.144 

4.60 

1.40 

6700 

2.834 

0.144 

5.60 

1.40 

7.00 

2.834 

0.095 

5.80 

1.00 

6.80 

3.743 

0.131 

5.40 

1.40 

6.80 

3.208 

0.144 

4.80 

1.40 

6.20 

3.743 

0.117 

5.80 

1.40 

7.20 

3.208 

0.117 

5.60 

2.40 

8.00 

2.931 

0.131 

5.00 

1.60 

6.60 

2.673 

0.145 

4.40 

2.00 

6.40 

2.673 

0.131 

5.60 

1.80 

7.40 

3.208 

0.117 

5.80 

2.00 

7.80 

3.208 

0.181 

6.20 

1.40 

7.60 

3.208 

0.175 

7.40 

2.20 

9.60 

4.010 

0.157 

6.20 

2.20 

8.40 

4.010 

0.168 

6.40 

2.00 

8.40 

3.743 

0.262 

6.00 

1.60 

7.60 

3.743 

0.336 

6.00 

1.80 

7.80 

3.743 

0.292 

6.60 

1.80 

8.40 

4.010 

0.234 

6.60 

2.00 

8.60 

4.010 

0.292 

6.60 

1.60 

8.20 

3.743 

0.350 

6.20 

2.20 

8.40 

3.743 

0.304 

6.60 

2.00 

8.60 

4.010 

0.272 

6.40 

1.80 

8.20 

3.830 

0.198 

5.00 

2.20 

7.20 

3.617 

0.198 

5.60 

1.60 

7.20 

3.404 

0.185 

5.00 

1.20 

6.20 

3.404 

0.189 

5.40 

2.68 

8.08 

3.404 

0.220 

5.12 

1.96 

7.08 

3.617 

0.198 

6.20 

2.00 

8.20 

3.404 

0.194 

5.40 

3.00 

8.40 

3.617 

0.212 

6.60 

2.80 

9.40 

3.617 

0.185 

6.40 

1.60 

8.00 

3.830 

0.145 

6.40 

1.80 

8.20 

3.830 

0.121 

5.60 

2.40 

8.00 

3.617 

0.129 

6.60 

1.40 

8.00 

3.617 

0.121 

6.00 

2.00 

8.00 

3.617 

0.145 

6.20 

1.80 

8.00 

3.617 

0.185 

6.40 

1.60 

8.00 

3.404 

0.129 

5.83 

1.76 

7.59 

3.332 

0.166 


\ 

























































































































































































137 


TABLE Y — (Continued). 

Examinations of Croton Water, 1875 — (Parts per 100,000). 


DATE 


1875. 


Jan. 

2 ... 

Jan. 

9... 

Jan. 

16... 

Jan. 

23... 

Jan. 

30... 

Feb. 

6 ... 

Feb. 

13... 

Feb. 

20 ... 

Feb. 

27... 

Mar. 

6 ... 

Mar. 

13... 

Mar. 

20 ... 

Mar. 

27... 

April 

3... 

April 

10 ... 

April 

17... 

April 

24... 

May 

1 ... 

May 

8 .. 

May 

15... 

May 

22 ... 

May 

29... 

June 

5.. 

June 

12 .. 

June 

19.. 

June 

26... 

July 

3.. 

July 

10 .. 

July 

17... 

July 

24.. 

July 

31.. 

Aug. 

7.. 

Aug. 

14.. 

Aug. 

21 .. 

Aug. 

28.. 

Sept. 

4.. 

Sept. 

11 .. 

Sept. 

18.. 

Sept. 

25.. 

Oct. 

2 .. 

Oct. 

9.. 

Oct. 

16.. 

Oct. 

23.. 

Oct. 

30.. 

Nov. 

6 .. 

Nov. 

13.. 

Nov. 

20 .. 

Nov. 

27.. 

Dec. 

4.. 

Dec. 

11 .. 

Dec. 

18.. 

Dec. 

25.. 


Average for 1875 


Inorg. 

Org. and 
vol. 

Total. 

Hard¬ 

ness. 

Oxygen 

required. 

6.00 

1.80 

7.80 

3.617 

0.081 

• 6.20 

1.40 

7.60 

3.494 

0.121 

6.00 

2.20 

8.20 

3.494 

0.121 

6.20 

1.40 

7.60 

3.494 

0.162 

6.20 

2.60 

7.80 

3.494 

0.145 

5.00 

1.20 

6.20 

3.225 

0.081 

4.60 

1.80 

6.40 

2.150 

0.185 

< 4.00 

1.40 

5.40 

1 .882 

0.217 

3.40 

1.60 

5.00 

2.150 

0.209 

3.20 

1.60 

4.80 

2.150 

0.354 

3.60 

2.00 

5.60 

1.882 

0.322 

3.60 

1.80 

5.40 

2.150 

0.161 

3.20 

1.80 

5.00 

2.150 

0.161 

3.80 

2.00 

5.80 

2.150 

0.129 

4.00 

1.00 

5.00 

2.150 

0.217 

3.60 

1.80 

5.40 

2.419 

0.185 

4.20 

1.80 

6.00 

2.419 

0.217 

4.20 

1.80 

6.00 

2.688 

0.217 

5.40 

1.00 

6.40 

2.688 

0.209 

4.80 

1.60 

6.40 

2.956 

0.207 

5.20 

1.80 

7.00 

3.225 

0.200 

5.40 

1.80 

7.20 

3.494 

0.215 

7.00 

1.80 

8.80 

3.763 

0.215 

6.60 

1.80 

8.40 

3.763 

0.153 

6.80 

2.00 

8.80 

3.763 

0.168 

6.80 

2.40 

9.20 

3.763 

0.183 

6.40 

2.40 

8.80 

4.032 

0.200 

6.20 

2.40 

8.60 

4.032 

0.261 

5.80 

2.80 

8.60 

3.763 

0.200 

5.76 

1.96 

7.72 

3.494 

0.218 

6.00 

2.00 

8.00 

3.494 

0.200 

5.60 

2.00 

7.60 

3.225 

0.230 

5.92 

2.00 

7.92 

3.441 

0.261 

5.28 

2.24 

7.52 

3.225 

0.308 

4.92 

2.24 

7.16 

3.225 

0.383 

6.02 

1.78 

7.80 

3.494 

0.308 

6.88 

2.32 

9.20 

3.763 

0.293 

6.76 

2.12 

8.88 

3.763 

0.323 

7.32 

1.84 

9.16 

3.763 

0.200 

7.44 

1.84 

9.28 

3.763 

0.200 

7.12 

1.96 

9.08 

3.763 

0.220 

7.64 

1.56 

9.20 

3.763 

0.169 

7.36 

1.76 

9.12 

4.581 

0.153 

6.92 

1.72 

8.64 

3.644 

0.220 

7.44 

2.16 

9.60 

4.163 

0.206 

6.96 

1.76 

8.72 

4.214 

0.184 

7.00 

1.60 

8.60 

3.989 

0.231 

6.48 

1.72 

8.20 

4.120 

0.262 

** 6.20 

1.68 

7.88 

4.077 

0.296 

5.60 

1.60 

7.20 

3.225 

0.222 

4.96 

2.48 

7.44 

3.170 

0.236 

5.12 

1.28 

6.40 

3.494 

0.181 

5.656 

1.835 

7.491 

3.293 

0.211 


Fifth and Sixth Reports of the Board of Health, 1874 -5, pp. 645 et seq. 

18 



























































































138 


TABLE V— ( Continued ). 

Examinations of Croton Water, 1876—(Parts per 100,000). 


DATE. 

Chlorine. 

Inorg. 

matter. 

Organic 

and 

volatile. 

Total 

solids. 

Hard¬ 

ness. 

Oxygen 

absorbed. 

1876. 

Jan. 1 . 

Jan. 8 . 

Jan. 15. 

Jan. 22 . 

Jan. 29. 

Feb. 5 ... 

Feb. 12 .. 

Feb. 19. 

Feb. 26. 

Mar. 4 . 

Mar. ll . 

Mar. 18. 

Mar. 25. 

April 1. 

April 8 . 

April 15. 

April 22 . 

April 29. 

May 6 . 

May 13. 

May 20 . 

May 27. 

June 3. 

June 10 . 

June 17. 

June 24. 

July l . 

July 8 .. 

July 15. 

July 22 . 

July 29. 

Aug. 5.... 

Aug. 12 . 

Aug. 19. 

Aug. 26. 

Sept. 2 . 

Sept. 9. 

Sept. 16 . 

Sept. 23. 

Sept 30. 

Oct. 7. 

Oct. 14. 

Oct. 21 . 

Oct. 28. 

Nov. 4. 

Nov. ll . 

Nov. 18. 

Nov. 25. 

Dec. 2 . 

Dec. 9. 

Dec. 16. 

Dec. 23. 

Dec. 30. 

Average . 

0.324 

0.294 

0.269 

0.249 

0.253 

0.249 

0.233 

0.233 

0.333 

0.333 

0.186 

0.200 

0.200 

0.167 

0.179 

0.183 

0.179 

0.162 

0.146 

0.158 

0.183 

0.171 

0.162 

0.208 

0.175 

0.158 

0.141 

0.169 

0.183 

0.162 

0.145 

0.194 

0.175 

0.175 

0.208 

0.191 

0.166 

0.200 

0.225 

0.208 

0.205 

0.183 

0.158 

0.266 

0.266 

0.250 

5.80 
5.24 
5.16 

6.56 
5.85 
6.50 

4.60 
4.36 
5.08 

4.32 

5.24 
5.76 
5.00 
4.00 

4.44 
3.88 

4.24 

4.20 

4.96 

5.20 

5.40 

5.72 
6.00 

4.80 
5.92 

6.60 
5.92 

5.96 

4.84 
5.04 

6.40 

6.32 

5.84 
4.80 

5.24 

4.60 
5.16 

4.56 

5.28 

4.72 
4.80 

5.44 

5.72 
6.52 
5.96 
5.92 
6.16„ 
5.96 

6.28 
6.08 

7.40 

5.60 

1.36. 

1.28 

1.96 
1.36 

2.15 
1.30 

2.64 

2.96 
0.92 
1.36 
1.00 
1.04 
0.96 
1.44 
1.08- 
1.12 
1.36 
1.40 

1.16 
1.52 
1.24 
1.60 

1.64 
2.20 
1.60 
1.08 
1.64 
1.16 
2.60 
2.12 
1.40 
1.24 

1.64 
2.60 
1.40 
1.60 
2.12 
1.92 
1.52 

1.92 
1.72 
1.80 
2.16 
1.00 
1.52 
1.72 
1.88 
2.28 
2.84 

2.64 
1.36 

2.92 

7.16 

6.52 

7.12 
7.92 
8.00 

7.80 

7.24 
7.32 
6.00 

5.68 

6.24 

6.80 
5.96 

5.44 

5.52 
5.00 
5.60 
5.60 
6.20 

6.12 

6.72 

6.64 
7.32 

7.64 
7.00 

7.52 

7.68 
7.56 

7.12 

7.44 
7.16 

7.80 
7.56 

7.48 
7.40 

6.64 
6.20 
7.28 

6.48 

6.80 

6.64 

6.52 

7.24 
7.88 

7.52 

7.48 

7.64 
8.04 

8.24 

9.12 

8.72 
8.76 

8.52 

3.713 

3.494 

3.709 

4.193 

3.494 

3.225 
3.494 
2.419 
2.419 
2.419 
2.686 
2.688 
2.419 
2.150 
2.150 
2.150 
2.312 
2.419 
2.957 
2.688 
2.957 
2.957 

3.226 
3.226 
3.494 
3.494 
3.684 
3.737 
3.842 
3.421 
2.211 
3.158 
3.158 
3.000 
3.158 
3.000 
2.894 
3.000 
2.894 
2.894 
2.947 
3.158 
3.158 
3.316 
3.590 
3.590 
3.867 
3.702 
3.590 
3.530 
3.590 
3.867 
3.867 

0.16 

0.19 

0.19 

0.19 

0.13 

0.14 

0.14 

0.13 

0.13 

0.16 

0.13 

0.13 

0.16 

0.13 

0.13 

0.19 

0.13 

0.13 

0.15 

0.19 

0.25 

0.20 

0.27 

0.25 

0.25 

0.23 

0.17 

0.174 

0.164 

0.223 

0.214 

0.204 

0.200 

0.184 

0.209 

0.174 

0.154 

0.163 

0.163 

0.143 

0.153 

0.163 

0.163 

0.143 

0.153 

0.120 

0.165 

0.202 

0.180 

0.317 

0.262 

0.212 

0.172 

0.210 

5.416 

1.682 

7.094 

3.159 

0.185 































































































139 


TABLE V — ( Continued). 

Examinations of Croton Water, 1877 — (Parts per 100,000). 


DATE. 

Free 

ammonia. 

Albu¬ 

minoid 

ammonia. 

1877. 

Jan. 6_ 



Jan. 13 — 



Jan. 20_ 



Jan. 27 — 



Feb. 3 — 

. 


Feb. 10_ 



Feb. 17.... 



Feb. 24 — 



Mar. 3 — 



Mar. 10 — 



Mar. 17 — 



Mar. 24— 



Mar. 31 — 



April 7.... 



April 14.... 



April 21.... 



April 28... 



May 5... 



May 12... 



May 19... 



May 26 ... 



June 2... 



June 9... 



June 16... 



June 23... 



June 30... 



July 7... 



July 14... 



July 21... 



July 28... 



Aug. 4 .. 



Aug. ll... 



Aug. 18 .. 



Aug. 25... 



Sept. 1... 



Sept. 8... 



Sept. 15... 



Sept. 22... 



Sept. 29... 



Oct. 6... 



Oct. 13... 



Oct. 20 ... 



Oct. 27... 



Nov. 3... 



Nov. 10... 



Nov. 17... 


’ 0.0156 

Nov. 24... 

6.0008 

Dec. l... 

0.001 

0.0092 

Dec. 8... 





Dec. 15... 





Dec. 22 ... 


• » • • • • • 

Dec. 29... 




* 


Chlorine 

Inorg. 

Organic 

and 

volatile. 

Total 

solids. 

Hard¬ 

ness. 

Oxygen 

absorbed. 


7.12 

2.00 

9.12 

3.867 

0.162 


6.56 

1.40 

7.96 

3.646 

0.175 

0.244 

5.28 

1.88 

7.16 

3.315 

0.250 


5.36 

2.16 

7.52 

3.590 

0.250 


6.84 

1.28 

8.12 

3.590 

0.250 


6.08 

1.04 

7.12 

3.315 

0.250 


5.56 

1.68 

7.24 

3.315 

0.237 


5.52 

2.24 

7.76 

3.315 

0.250 


5.16 

1.92 

7.08 

3.315 

0.237 


4.36 

2.36 

6.72 

3.039 

0.225 


3.64 

1.92 

5.56 

3.039 

0.250 


4.64 

1.00 

5.64 

3.039 

0.250 


3.96 

1.44 

5.40 

2.727 

0.272 


4.08 

1.48 

5.56 

2.727 

0.248 


4.20 

1.88 

6.08 

2.727 

0.236 


4.24 

2.20 

6.44 

3.000 

0.213 


4.56 

1.56 

6.12 

3.000 

0.201 


5.36 

1.44 

6.80 

3.272 

0.201 


5.24 

1.08 

6.32 

3.118 

0.225 


5.52 

1.24 

6.76 

3.381 

0.260 


5.36 

1.56 

6.92 

3.109 

0.225 


6.12 

1.60 

7.72 

3.545 

0.201 


6.44 

2.12 

8.56 

3.818 

0.213 


6.48 

2.12 

8.60 

3.818 

0.213 


6.36 

1.64 

8.00 

3.818 

0.284 


5.88 

2.44 

8.32 

3.818 

0.236 


6.24 

1.64 

7.88 

3.818 

0.201 


7.12 

1.40 

• 8.52 

3.818 

0.242 


5.80 

2.24 

8.04 

3.818 

0.266 


5.16 

2.32 

7.48 

3.354 

0.298 


5.32 

2.44 

7.76 

3.333 

0.316 


7.25 

0.25 

7.50 

3.777 

0.350 


5.15 

2.85 

8.00 

3.888 

0.330 


5.68 

2.80 

8.48 

3.666 

0.353 


5.84 

1.88 

7.72 

3.500 

0.333 


5.72 

2.28 

8.00 

3.444 

0.292 


5.56 

2.12 

7.68 

3.555 

0.333 


6.16 

1.12 

7.28 

3.699 

0.316 


5.88 

2.20 

8.08 

3.456 

0.320 


5.60 

1.64 

7.24 

3.192 

0.303 


5.60 

2.92 

8.52 

2.926 

0.211 


6.20 

1.96 

8.16 

2.669 

0.246 


7.63 

3.44 

11.07 

2.926 

0.297 


6.04 

2.12 

8.16 

2.926 

0.352 


5.88 

2.48 

8.36 

2.766 

0.352 


5.48 

1.36 

6.84 

2.660 

0.352 


5.64 

1.08 

6.72 

2.660 

0.268 


5.68 

1.28 

6.96 

2.766 

0.194 

J: 

5.08 

1.64 

6.72 

2.660 

0.185 


5.16 

1.76 

6.92 

2.660 

0.213 


5.08 

1.52 

6.60 

2.554 

0.184 


5.48 

1.40 

6.88 

2.766 

0.147 


5.603 

1.823 

7.426 

3.260 

0.253 


Average 







































































































































140 


TABLE Y — ( Continued )'. 

Examinations of Croton Water, 1878 — (Parts per 100,000). 


DATE. 


Free 

ammonia. 


Albu¬ 

minoid 

ammonia. 


1878. 

Jan. 7_ 

Jan. 14... 
Jan. 21... 
Jan. 28... 
Feb. 2 ... 
Feb. 9... 
Feb. 16... 
Feb. 23... 
Mar. 2 ... 
Mar. 9... 
Mar. 16 ... 
Mar. 23... 
Mar. 30... 
April 6 ... 
April 13... 
April 20 ... 
April 27... 
May 4... 
May 18... 
May 25... 
June 1 ... 
June 8 ... 
June 15... 
June 22... 
June 29... 
July 6 ... 
July 13... 
July 20 ... 
July 27... 
Aug. 3... 
Aug. 10... 
Aug. 17... 
Aug. 24... 
Aug. 31... 
Sept. 1... 
Sept. 14... 
Sept. 21 ... 
Sept. 28... 
Oct. 5 ... 
Oct. 12 ... 
Oct, 19... 
Oct. 26... 
Nov. 2... 
Nov. 9... 
Nov. 16... 
Nov. 23... 
Nov. 30... 
Dec. 7... 
Dec. 14... 
Dec. 21 ... 
Dec. 29... 


0.0019 


0.0015 


0.0053 


0.0130 


Average, 


3 


Chlorine 

Inorg. 

Organic 

and 

volatile. 

Total 

solids. 

Hard¬ 

ness. 

Oxygen 

required. 

0.295 

5.72 

1.56 

7.28 

2.766 

0.115 


6.24 

0.92 

7.16 

2.873 

0.101 


5.52 

1.60 

7.12 

2.873 

0.133 


5.60 

1.04 

6.64 

3.254 

0.140 


5.40 

1.24 

6.64 

2.611 

0.135 


4.96 

1.56 

6.52 

2.364 

0.140 


5.44 

0.76 

6.20 

2.463 

0.125 


5.36 

0.84 

6.20 

2.266 

0.140 


5.36 

0.84 

6.20 

2.315 

0.130 

* 

4.80 

0.96 

5.76 

2.414 

0.140 


4.76 

0.88 

5.64 

1.970 

0.140 


4.40 

1.24 

5.64 

2.167 

0.145 


4.60 

1.24 

5.84 

2.118 

0.180 


4.88 

1.16 

6.04 

2.216 

0.132 


5.36 

0.56 

5.92 

2.315 

0.113 


5.24 

1.04 

6.28 

2.414 

0.137 


5.68 

1.40 

7.08 

2.512 

0.147 


5.52 

1.48 

7.00 

2.462 

0.147 


5.16 

1.68 

6.84 

2.709 

0.220 


5.64 

] .12 

6.76 

2.808 

0.216 


5.68 

1.60 

7.28 

2.946 

0.181 


4.48 

2.12 

6.60 

2.842 

0.166 


4.80 

2.44 

7.24 

2.894 

0.152 


4.32 

3 24 

7.56 

3.049 

0.188 


3.40 

3.56 

6.96 

2.945 

0.159 


2.96 

4.36 

7.32 

2.997 

0.224 


2.84 

3.24 

6.08 

2.945 

0.202 


4.24 

3.52 

7.76 

3.152 

0.195 


4.48 

3.60 

8.08 

3.178 

0.181 


4.28 

4.00 

8.28 

3.152 

0.193 


3.64 

4.72 

8.36 

3.178 

0.209 


3.76 

4.68 

8.44 

3.330 

0.239 


4.32 

4.36 

8.68 

3.385 

0.265 


4.72 

4.32 

9.04 

3.462 

0.244 


3.44 

4.64 

8.08 

2.968 

0.214 


6.04 

1.36 

7.40 

3.125 

0.326 


6.28 

1.76 

8.04 

3.020 

0.302 


7.04 

1.32 

8.36 

3.177 

0.289 


7.16 

1.16 

8.32 

3.229 

0.329 


7.16 

1.20 

8.36 

3.333 

0.329 


7.52 

1.44 

8.96 

3.177 

0.250 


7.16 

1.20 

8.36 

3.125 

0.243 


6.48 

1.16 

7.64 

2.968 

0.149 


6.64 

1.52 

8.16 

2.968 

0.169 


7.04 

1.40 

8.44 

3.281 

0.156 


7.32 

1.04 

8.36 

3.385 

0.143 


6.36 

0.92 

7.28 

3.125 

0.176 


5.36 

1.68 

7.04 

3.020 

0.155 


5.08 

0.84 

5.92 

2.760 

0.155 


5.08 

0.96 

6.04 

2.604 

0.134 


5.52 

0.64 

6.16 

2.552 

0.113 


5.299 

1.904 

7.203 

2.846 

0.183 




























































































































































































141 


TABLE Y—( Continued). 


Examinations of Croton Water, 1879—(Parts per 100,000). 


DATE. 

Free 

ammonia. 

Albu¬ 

minoid 

ammonia. 

Chlorine 

Inorg. 

Organic 

and 

volatile. 

Total 

solids. 

Hard¬ 

ness. 

Oxygen 

absorbed. 

1879. 









Jan. 

4 ... 




6.00 

1.32 

7.32 

2.500 

0.077 

Jan. 

11 .... 




7.04 

0.60 

7.64 

2.812 

0.067 

Jan. 

18.... 




5.92 

0.68 

6.60 

2.968 

0.067 

Jan. 

25.... 




6.44 

1.44 

7.88 

3.385 

0.053 

Feb. 

1 .... 




6.12 

0.40 

6.52 

2.916 

0.047 

Feb. 

8 .... 




5.36 

1.92 

7.28 

3.020 

0.067 

Feb. 

15.... 




5.80 

0.28 

6.08 

2.864 

0.052 

Feb. 

22 .... 




4.72 

1.04 

5.76 

2.708 

0.054 

Mar. 

1 .... 




5.12 

0.92 

6.04 

2.767 

0.059 

Mar. 

8 .... 




5.32 

0.56 

5.88 

2.767 

0.064 

Mar. 

15 ... 




5.08 

1.04 

6.12 

2.767 

0.064 

Mar. 

22 .... 




5.40 

0.96 

6.36 

2.715 

0.070 

Mar. 

29.... 




5.04 

1.12 

6.16 

2.611 

0.077 

April 

5.... 

0.0045 

0.0095 

0.295 

4.60 

0.76 

5.36 

2.506 

0.083 

Anril 19 




5.44 

0.64 

6.08 

• 2.559 

0.056 

A nril 

19 




5.08 

0.84 

5.92 

2.559 

0.064 

Anril 9.R 




5.16 

0.60 

5.76 

2.559 

0.096 

May 

3.. 




4.60 

1.08 

5.68 

2.872 

0.020 

May 

10 




5.44 

0.76 

6.20 

2.872 

0.120 

M ay 

17 




5.96 

0.68 

6.64 

3.133 

0.136 

May 

24 




5.92 

0.96 

6.88 

3.499 


May 

31.'.'.'. 



0.213 

6.00 

1.44 

7.44 

3.499 


Av. for 5 mo 




5.424 

0.912 

6.336 

2.811 

0.072 

July 

11 .... 

0.0008 

9.008 

....... 

.... 


.... 




Examinations of Croton Water, 1880. 
December 23. Free ammonia, 0 . 002 ; albuminoid ammonia, 0.0086. 
























































































































TABLE Y—( Continued ). 

Examinations of Croton Water, 1881 — (Parts per 100,000). 


142 


<o 

V. 

73 


go 


© 

PI 

>. 

X 

o 


I 

-3 to 

O a 

H ® £ a 


a 

a 

© 

a 

•i—. 

M 


.2 © 
0^3 P3 
a af 

a! o 

O > 


. Pi 


co 

CO 

<D M 

a ©.2 
V££ 
a 03 ® 


W 


m 

© © pi 

®S .2 

<4-H --1 

ci£> O 

K ^ 


a 

• s*a 

a 3 o 
£.2 3 
^23 

a 


© 

© 

a 

P^< 


.23 

a® 

© co 

o! 


a g • 
3 3.§ 

^•E3 
•a o o 

2^3 

go © 


© 

a 

•pH 

*h 

jO 

3 

Q 


..«OOOd 

co.. 00 H t— 

%4 .H (M Cl 

£•••■••••©©© 

O. 

rd ::::::: : 

CO 

d » • ..CO rH © 

.CO t— CO 

•g : : : : • • . .©©*-< 

h !!',!!! ! ',ooo 

ci. 


• CO 

. 



• o • • 


• 

. CO 

. t— 



• CT5 • • 

1— 

• CO 

. 1— 

. VO 



• ZD • • 

to 

l -H 





• • • 

05 

• CO 


■ © 
, ZD 


. VO 


• fc- 
‘ © 


• © 
. © 


H 


• © 
- © 


' © 

• rH 

- Cl 

; co 

- ci 


©©©©©©© 
CO H CI ^ © C5 t- 

rH rH rH rH rH © © 

© O © © © © © 


©©©©©©© 


* © © C © © © © 
Oconhhhhh 

a © © © © © © © 

Q © © © © © © © 

^ O O o' o' o' o' o' 


© 

© 

© 


W 

Eh 

-ti 

A 


.Cl • • 

• ••••••• rH • • 

.Cl • . 

rH # • 

oo • • • • ; ■' • • • • • 

2 : ;* =t=t 

(M«H<ClCCvO©©©t-©© 
Cl Cl Ol Cl rH Cl d 


VO 

t— 


. © 
. © 


co 


<2 

5-. 


$ 


© © © © 
rH © rH © 
r-^ CO rH CO rH 

kj © © © © 

© © © © 


■a’a'a'a'aa brb> > a 
a L 


ooo 


* 

H— -H- <VZ> * 
Cl 04 <M VO 
Cl Cl Cl Cl 


Sh !h S-h i-, 
Cm Q< 


Pt 

a 

•rH 

£ 

O 

3 

«+H 

© 
CO © 

£43 

o-*- 1 

--l«M 

o° 

*M CO 

co a 
a © 

73 a 

So 
•5 ® 
a 


a 
_ Es 

0.73 
co a - • 

«^ 2 ®g 

2 £m 2 ® 


. <o 
co © 

® a 
a a 
a ® 

® t> 

> a 

a a 
a o 

OfH 

to a 
a a 

03 a 
a o 
of. • 
pi a © 

. 2 x fl 
x®® 

3^5 

a ©£ 

® ® x 

® fe-a 
fe-a^o 
-a ®it3 

-a ®-a 
® © © 
® f © 

af a 

a 02 a 

COa CO 

^,2 © 
S3 a 

1 C© 
>» ■ 

~ >,, 


pi 

a 

•rH 

£ 

O 


o 

a 

rO 

HsJ 

© 

aa 


o 

Ctl 

a 

® 

a 

•rH 

© 

© 

a 

C0 

73 

© 

a 


© 

© 
a-M» 

*3 

73 a 
aa 
o o 

g© 

CO 2 

I © 

£2 
a 


cd 2 © a © ^ 
.ca 2 -a o>a a 




73 

a 

a 

73 


© 

pi 

© 

o 

o 

.a 

• rH 

£* 

a 

3 

O 

o 

co 

© 

a 


o 

'o 

o 

43 

© 

C/2 

© 

43 

+j 

4J 

a 

a 

a 

-M 

© 

43 

a 

o 

a 

a 

© 

M 

a 

-M 

a 

© 

-M> 

a 

£ 

a 

o 


o 

a 

O 

a 
o 

73 

. © 

o ^®-2 


PI 

a 

• rH 

£ 

O 


, o 

■ 3 


© 

© © 

£ ft 
H ® 

.73 . 
©a> 
a © 
© © 
3 a 
w . < a> 
©33 CD 

i3“3 43 


'ca 2-a 0 ^ 1 —. — u_ 

'3©gOrtaa£^ 2®f r S2 
a Pr^V a a a 0 m £ Pt“f 4= 

1 a “£737373 © a 2 2^3 ® 
af -^7373733 a £0 a *--2 2 


1 I I I I 1 2 1 I g I I »- 

^rvOCDL-OOOlCO Pot- « 

C 4-1 W OCCOCOQOOO^ h C5C5 H C5 05-^ 
0 C5 C5 C5 C5 C5 C5 C5 C5> ^ C5 C)'3 

■'fl • • • • • • *rH • • *rH • 

g43 OOOOO OJ3 o o_o OO* 
P<. 

a eic'ic'idcJcIeOio.oioeosoto 2 

r lDOC(MCllNf.WlMr.Clci(MCN® 

CO — 1 -r-< 'r—t 't—l ‘r~* *rH >rH ___ 02 >p-i ^-3 

1-iaaaaaat.a^tHt.s-cO 

^ftftftftftftftftftaaaftm 

— ++C® — 


H* 












































































































































































TABLE Y — ( Continued ). 

Examinations of Croton Water, 1882— (Parts per 100,000). 


143 


Oxygen Absorbed—Tidy’s Test. 

•sanoq 

.motf 


0.300 

0.289 


o 

tO 

CO 

© 


•s.moq 


0.295 

0.302 

• 


0.277 

0.130 

unoq ©no 


0.245 

0.247 

0.246 


•S0^nuuu 

n00WM 


0.1800 

0.1750 

0.1680 


•S0^n 

-niai oaix 


0.0795 

0.0766 

0.1060 

0.0320 

•spips pqox 

8.80 

•SJ01 

-Irui iRieuij\[ 

7.50 

•ojiirjoa 
puR ‘oiurSjo 

•••••• CO 

• •••••• 

.. 

•Snipoq 
uo^jr sseupaRH 







2.000 

•Saipoq ojoj 
-0q 'ssonpjRjj 







3.042 

•RinoniuiR 

'piouiumqiy 

0.0142 

0.0142 

0.0163 


0.0122 

0.0092 

•RiuoinniR 00 . 1 ^ 

0.0020 

0.0020 

0.0020 

_ 


0.0180 • 

0.0012 

• 0^0 ‘so^rj^iu 
ui u0SoAijs[ 

0.0238 

0.0196 

0.0163 

0.0163 

0.0330 

0.0192 

•0ppi 

-ojqo mnipos 

0} :}U0iRAinl)g; 







0.342 

•oauopio 


• 





0.207 

DATE. 

1882. 

•T i i n ft 15 ... .. 

cc 

<M 

<X 

c 

p 

© 

> 

p 

T— 

> 

r— 

P 

c 

r- 

' b 
!= 
< 

r— 

f +. 

c 

C 

© 

r- 

C 

a 

P 

' 





















































































TABLE Y — ( Continued). 

Examinations of Croton Water, 1883 — (Part per 100.000). 


144 


Oxygen Absorbed— 
Tidy’s Test. 

•sanoq 

ano^ 

0.2173 

0.1724 

0.2764 

•sanoq 

99.1 qx 

0.2129 



•S9innrai 

ueeWJtf 

0.1651 

0.1058 

. 

0.1844 

•i 

•spiios IB}OX 

09'8 


9.00 

9.00 

8.00 

8.00 

7.50 

8.40 

8.70 


o 

Cl 

• 


5.00 

5.50 

5.00 

5.00 

5.20 

4.90 

5.20 

•9IITUJOA 

pan biunS.io 

1.40 


4.00 

3.50 

3.00 

3.00 

2.50 

, 3.50 

3.50 

•Sainoq 

I9IJB ssgnpinjj 

2.161 


1884. 

3.52 

3.60 

3.70 

3.40 

3.30 

4.47 

•Suipoq 9ioj 
-eq ss9npaBH 

2.966 


r\ 

Ph O CD O' o o • o 

pq C9 rH o • 09 

• • • • • • 

H ^ co co co • t* 

< I 

> _ _ _ 

•BIUOUIUIB 

pionirunqiY 

OO 

O 

o 

o 


ROTON 

0.029 

0.0264 

0.031 

0.016 

0.019 

0.009 

0.016 

•ninouian? 99J^ 

0.001 


5 OF C 

0.006 

0.006 

0.006 

0.002 

0.003 

0.001 

None. 

•o^9 ‘S9^naiiu 
ui ueSoAi^[ 

0.0173 


^NATIONS 

0.044 

0.044 

0.048 

0.047 

0.038 

0.065 

0.494 

*9pu 
-ojqo mnipos 

04 itmiBAinDg; 

0.290 

. 


Exam 

0.318 

0.318 

0.290 

0.310 

0.230 

0.530 

0.477 

✓ 

•9auo{qQ 

0.176 


• 

0.200 

0.200 

0.180 

0.190 

0.140 

0.333 

0.300 

W 

Eh 

<i 

L883. 

• • • • • • 

• •••*•• 

••••••• 

• •••••• 

• •••••• 

• •••••• 

• • • • # • 

•••*••• 

• •••••• 

• •••••• 

• ••«••• 

••••••• 

••••••* 

• ••#••• 

••••••# 

••••••• 

• * • 

OQ ••••••• 

oo ■••••• • 


a 




* 

4— 

•W* 

093 

— 

Sr=* 

* 

* 

t- 

o' 

lO 

ID 

ID 

C9 

o 

Cl 

00 

C 1 ! 

CO 

rH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

C4 

rH 

© 

d 

© 

d 

4-9 

P4 

4-9 

& 

4-9 

a 

4-9 

a 

4-9 

a 

© 

O 

d 

d 

<X> 

<D 

o 

<X> 

<D 

© 

<D 



m 

m 

m 

go 

Ul 

Q 

ft 


*t From tanks on Church street. t From tank Greenwich and Dey streets. § From Chambers street. 

II If From School of Mines, Columbia college. ** From 40 East Thirty-fifth street. 
























































































145 


TABLE Y—( Continued ). 


Examinations of Croton Water, 1885 — (Parts per 100,000). 


DATE. 

Chlorine. 

Equivalent to 
sodium chlo¬ 
ride. 

Nitrogen in 

nitrates. 

Free ammonia. 

Albuminoid 

ammonia. 

Hardness be¬ 

fore boiling. 

Hardness after 

boiling, 

Organic and 

volatile. 

Mineral matter. 

Total solids. 

1885. 











April 3. 

0.278 

0.459 

0.0403 

0.001 

0.0090 

4.7S0 

4.310 

6.00 

5.00 

11.00 

May 6 . 

0.348 

0.575 

0.0494 

None. 

0.0166 

4.082 

3.787 

1.50 

4.00 

5.50 

May 26. 

0.244 

0.400 

0.0340 

0.002 

0.0086 

4.280 

3.570 

3.00 

4.50 

7.50 

June 13. 

0.348 

0.574 

0.0469 

0.003 

0.0070 

3.860 

3.500 

2.50 

4.50 

7.00 

June 30. 

0.226 

0.374 

0.0371 

0.005 

0.014 

4.968 

4.586 

2.00 

5.50 

7.50 

July 15. 

0.279 

0.459 

0.0390 

0.002 

0.0080 

4.268 

4.268 

0.500 

5.00 

5.50 

July 30. 

0.226 

0.373 

0.0387 

0.003 

0.0110 

4.332 

4.332 

2.50 

5.00 

7.50 

Aug. 19. 

0.278 

0.459 

0.0469 

0.003 

0.0140 

4.586 

3.949 

3.00 

5 00 

8.00 

Aug. 31. 

0.313 

0.517 

0.0486 

0.001 

0.0090 

4.331 

4.331 

2.00 

4.50 

6.50 

Sept. 15. 

0.209 

0.344 

0.0370 

0.004 

0.0160 

5.096 

4.459 

2.50 

4.00 

6.50 

Sept. 29. 

0.208 

0.343 

0.0477 

0.002 

0.0094 

3.949 

3.822 

2.50 

4.00 

6.50 

Oct. 14. 

0.272 

0.458 

0.0410 

None. 

0.013 

4.520 

4.294 

2.50 

4.00 

6.50 

Oct. 14*. 

0.260 

0.429 

0.0460 

0.003 

0.0160 



3 00 

5 00 

8 00 

Oct. 14t. 

0.272 

0.458 

0.0530 

0.005 

0.0150 



2 50 

5 50 

8 00 

Oct. 30. 

0.243 

0.400 

0.0470 

0.003 

0.0150 

4.512 

4.512 

3 A0 

4 A0 

7 A0 

Nov. 15. 

0.312 

0.515 

0.0480 

0.001 

0.0140 

3.840 

3.390 

3.00 

4.00 

7.00 

Dec. l. 

0.295 

0.486 


0.0032 


3.729 

3.164 















Average.... 

0.272 

0.448 

0.0435 

0.0023 

0.0110 

4.339 

4.024 

2.62 

4.60 

7.22 


From Groton Watershed. 


May 8 t. 

0.348 

0.574 

0.0357 

0.0026 

0.0182 

4.420 

3.990 

2.40 

4.60 

7.00 

May 8 §. 

0.226 

0.374 

0.0486 

0.001 

0.0196 

3.735 

3.313 

3.00 

5.00 

8.00 

June 20 ll. 

0.261 

0.431 

0.0240 

0.0200 

0.0130 

6.170 

6.110 

3.00 

10.00 

13.00 

June 20 li. 

0.261 

0.431 

0.0280 

0.0160 

• 

0.0170 

6.300 

6.170 

3.00 

7.50 

10.50 


*From Health Department tap. tFrom 222 East One Hundred and Sixteenth street. 
The other samples were taken from the supply at the School of Mines. 

iFrom dam, Intake A. § From Cross river, Ivatonah. 

II From Titicus river, No. 1. IT From Titicus river, No. 2. 

Examinations of Croton Water, 1886. 


DATE. 

* 

• 

a> 

a 

•pH 

u 

O 

3 

o 

Equivalent to 
sodium chlo¬ 
ride. 

Nitrogen in 

nitrates. 

Free ammonia. 

Albuminoid 

ammonia. 

Hardness be¬ 
fore boiling. 

Hardness 
after boiling. 

Organic and 

volatile. 

1 

Mineral matter. 

1 

Total solids 
(evaporation), j 

Jan. 

1886. 

5. 

0.243 

0.401 

0.037 

None. 

0.0068 

3.446 

3.277 

1.70 

4.80 

6.50 


15. 

0.347 

0.572 

0.048 

0.002 

0.007 

3.840 

3.730 

3.00 

3.50 

6.50 

Jan. 

30. 

0.312 

0.515 

0.047 

0.003 

0.009 

2.940 

2.590 

.... 

.... 

.... 

Feb. 

16. 

0.381 

0.629 

0.053 

0.001 

0.006 

2.940 

2.370 

2.20 

4.80 

7.00 

Mar. 

3. 

0.243 

0.401 

0.047 

0.003 

0.003 

2.548 

2.038 

1.50 

3.50 

5.00 

Mar. 

19. 

0.243 

0.401 

0.045 

0.005 

0.005 

2.548 

2.548 

.... 

.... 

. • • • 

April 

7. 

0.312 

0.515 

0.055 

0.003 

0.009 

3.300 

3.300 

3.50 

4.00 

7.50 

April 

17. 

0.295 

0.487 

0.047 

0.003 

0.010 

3.540 

3.540 

2.00 

4.80 

6.80 

May 

4. 

0.312 

0.515 

0.049 

0.003 

0.009 

2.850 

2.710 

1.04 

5.28 

6.32 

May 

18. 

0.170 

0.274 

0.039 

0.003 

0.006 

3.073 

2.836 

2.00 

5.50 

7.50 

May 

30*. 

0.243 

0.401 

0.049 

0.001 

0.005 

3.720 

3.720 

2.50 

4.50 

7.00 

June 

16. 

0.348 

0.575 

0.049 

0.002 

0.005 

3.545 

3.545 

5.40 

4.10 

9.50 

June 

30. 

0.247 

0.408 

0.048 

0.001 

0.0073 

4.067 

4.067 

2.00 

8.00 

10.00 

June 

30t . 

0.330 

0.543 

0.048 

0.001 

0.004 

4.183 

4.067 

4.00 

5.00 

9.00 

Average . 

0.288 

0.474 

0.0472 

0.0022 

0.0066 

3.324 

3.167 

2.595 

4.815 

7.41 


* From Eighth avenue and Twenty-sixth street. t From 11 East Thirty-sixth street. 
The other samples were from the supply at School of Mines, Columbia college. 


19 


















































































































































146 


TABLE Y—( Continued ). 

Examinations of Croton Water, 1887 — (Parts per 100,000). 


D.YTE. 

Chlorine. 

1 

Equivalent to 
sodium chlo¬ 
ride. 

Nitrogen in 

nitrates. 

Free ammonia. 

Albuminoid 

ammonia, j 

1 1 

Hardness be¬ 

fore boiling. 

Hardness after ; 

boiling. 

Organic and 

volatile. 

Mineral matter. 

Total solids. 

1887. 

Aug. 24*... 

0.239 

0.395 

• 

0.048 

0.002 

0.004 

4.50 

4.35 

3.50 

6.00 

9.50 

Aug. 25t... 

0.220 

0.350 

0.049 

None. 

0.007 

4.50 

4.40 

4.00 

5.00 

9.00 

Sept. 2t... 

0.205 

0.339 

0.040 

0.001 

0.011 

4.10 

4.00 

2.50 

4.50 

7.00 

Sept. 2§... 

0.220 

0.350 

0.046 

0.003 

0.012 

4.00 

4.00 

1.70 

4.80 

6.50 

Dec. 3t... 

0.197 

0.325 






4.00 

5.00 

9.00 


Examinations of Croton Water, 1888. 


DATE. 

Chlorine. 

Equivalent to 
sodium chlo¬ 
ride. 

Nitrogen in 
nitrates, etc. 

Free ammonia. 

Albuminoid 

ammonia. 

Hardness be¬ 
fore boiling. 

Hardness after 
boiling. 

Organic and 

volatile. 

Mineral matter. 

Total solids 

(evaporation). 

1888. 

Jan. 11 — 

0.233 

0.384 

0.0247 

0.0020 

0.0040 

3.67 

3.67 

2.20 

3.80 

6.00 

Jan. 

18.... 

0.256 

0.422 

0.0642 

0.0020 

0.0050 

2.75 

2.75 

1.50 

4.40 

5.90 

Jan. 

25.... 

0.229 

0.378 

0.056 

0.0020 

0.005 

3.75 

3.67 

1.30 

4.40 

5.70 

Feb. 

1 .... 

0.231 

0.380 

0.050 

0.0030 

0.004 

3.59 

3.59 

1.90 

5.60 

7.50 

Feb. 

8 .... 

0.236 

0.389 

0.065 

0.001 

.0.002 

3.13 

3.13 

1.20 

4.95 

6.15 

Feb. 

15.... 

0.219 

0.361 

0.082 

0.001 

0.005 

3.17 

2.84 

1.60 

4.60 

6.20 

Feb. 

22.... 

0.211 

0.347 

0.032 

0.001 

0.010 

2.75 

2.75 

1.40 

4.50 

5.90 

Feb. 

29.... 

0.183 

0.301 

0.063 

0.003 

0.007 

2.29 

2.29 

1.65 

3.30 

4.95 

Mar. 

7.... 

0.188 

0.310 

0.0824 

Trace. 

0.010 

2.29 

2.09 

1.75 

3.50 

5.25 

Mar. 

14.... 

0.193 

0.318 

0.0658 

Trace. 

0.0107 

2.73 

2.73 

1.70 

4.10 

5.80 

Mar. 

21.... 

0.204 

0.335 

0.0824 

Trace. 

0.0130 

3.66 

3.34 

1.10 

5.00 

6.10 

Mar. 

28.... 

0.190 

0.313 

0.0880 

0.0010 

0.0124 

2.91 

2.91 

1.40 

3.50 

4.90 

April 

4.... 

0.169 

0.279 

0.0800 

None. 

0.0169 

2.75 

2.42 

2.00 

4.10 

6.10 

April 

11.... 

0.187 

0.307 

0.0582 

0.0018 

0.0197 

2.78 

2.55 

1.70 

4.20 

5.90 

April 

18.... 

0.192 

0.316 

0.0453 

Trace. 

0.0082 

2.94 

2.45 

1.80 

3.50 

5.30 

April 

25.... 

0.213 

0.352 

0.0733 

0.0010 

0.0050 

3.074 

2.671 

1.40 

4.00 

5.40 

May 

2 .... 

0.231 

0.380 

0.0576 

Trace. 

0.0034 

3.40 

3.01 

3.00 

4.50 

7.50 

May 

9.... 

0.229 

0.377 

0.0650 

Trace. 

0.0060 

3 34 

3.14 

1.90 

4.70 

6.60 

May 

16.... 

0.197 

0.324 

0.0461 

Trace. 

0.0125 

3.73 

3.40 

1.20 

4.90 

6.10 

May 

23.... 

0.195 

0.321 

0.0486 

0.0010 

0.0094 

3.96 

3.83 

1.90 

4.40 

6.30 

May 

30.... 

0.188 

0.310 

0.0247 

0.007 

0.0170 

4.06 

3.40 

2.10 

6.00 

8.10 

June 

6 .... 

0.212 

0.349 

0.0700 

Trace. 

0.030 

3.86 

3.47 

2.30 

6.50 

8.80 

June 

13.... 

0.153 

0.253 

0.0387 

0.0030 

0.0070 

4.054 

3.401 

2.20 

4.00 

6.20 

June 

20.... 

0.170 

0.281 

0.0400 

Trace. 

0.0040 

6.30 

5.60 

1.50 

5.80 

7.30 

June 

27.... 

0.188 

0.310 

0.0243 

0.0005 

0.0055 

4.38 

4.12 

1.40 

5.40 

6.80 

July 

4.... 

0.176 

0.290 

0.0329 

Trace. 

0.0055 

4.38 

4.12 

1.50 

5.30 

6.80 

July 

11.... 

0.214 

0.352 

0.0329 

Trace. 

0.0070 

4.45 

4.12 

1.80 

5.90 

7.70 

July 

18.... 

0.197 

0.324 

0.0411 

Trace. 

0.0055 

5.23 

4.71 

2.50 

4.50 

7 00 

July 

25.... 

0.221 

0.363 

0.0500 

Trace. 

0.0065 

4.71 

4.19 

1.80 

6.10 

■ 7.90 

Aug. 

1 .... 

0.197 

0.324 

0.0412 

Trace. 

0.0065 

4.77 

4.38 

2.00 

5.50 

7 50 

Aug. 

8 .... 

0.205 

0.338 

0.0329 

Trace. 

0.0065 

4.25 

3.79 

2.30 

5.70 

8.00 

Aug. 

15.... 

0.198 

0.327 

0.0284 

0.0005 

0.0095 

4.19 

3.99 

1.50 

5.80 

7.30 

Aug. 

22.... 

0.214 

0.352 

0.0321 

0.0010 

0.0115 

4.45 

4.38 

1.70 

5.30 

7.00 

Aug. 

29.... 

0.188 

0.301 

0.0284 

0.0005 

0.0090 

3.92 

3.92 

1.70 

4.90 

6.60 

Sept. 

5.... 

0.188 

0.310 

0.0404 

0.0010 

0.0090 

3.92 

3.85 

2.20 

4.80 

7 00 

Sept. 

12.... 

0.197 

0.324 

0.0453 

Trace. 

0.0110 

3.60 

3.60 

2.20 

5.50 

7 70 

Sept. 

19.... 

0.197 

0.324 

0.0247 

Trace. 

0.0060' 

3.92 

3.92 

2.30 

5.00 

7.30 


*From Health Department, 301 Mott street, 
t From School of Mines, Columbia College, 
t From 128 Worth street. 

§ From 345 West Forty-seventh street, Twenty-second precinct police station, 

















































































147 


TABLE Y — ( Continued ). 


Examinations of Croton Water, 1888 — (Parts per 100,000). 


DATE. 

Chlorine. 

Equivalent to 
sodium chlo¬ 
ride. 

Nitrogen in 

nitrates. 

Free ammonia. 

Albuminoid 

ammonia. 

Hardness be¬ 

fore boiling. 

Hardness 

after boiling. 

Organic and 

volatile. 

Mineral matter. 

Total solids. 

1888. 

Sept. 26 — 

0.197 

0.324 

0.0321 

0.0010 

0.0125 

3.92 

3.85 

2.30 

4.70 

7.00 

Oct. 

3.... 

0.197 

0.324 

0.0247 

Trace. 

0.0060 

3.92 

3.92 

2.30 

4.80 

7.10 

Oct. 

10.... 

0.115 

0.189 

0.0192 

Trace. 

0.0040 

2.099 

2.099 

1.458 

3.090 

4.548 

Oct. 

17.... 

0.205 

0.338 

0.0329, 

Trace. 

0.0080 

3.740 

3.220 

2.30 

5.50 

7.80 

Oct. 

24.... 

0.205 

0.338 

0.0247 

Trace. 

0.0060 

4.06 

3.74 

2.10 

5.40 

7.60 

Oct. 

31.... 

0.205 

0.338 

0.0453 

Trace. 

0.0050 

4.13 

3.87 

2.30 

6.10 

8.40 

Nov. 

7.... 

0.205 

0.338 

0.0412 

Trace. 

0.0060 

3.93 

3.81 

2.50 

5.70 

8.20 

Nov. 

14.... 

0.205 

0.338 

0.0412 

Trace. 

0.0060 

4.38 

4.32 

2.50 

5.50 

8.00 

Nov. 

21.... 

0.214 

0.352 

0.0329 

Trace. 

0.0065 

3.93 

3.68 

2.50 

5.20 

7.70 

Nov. 

28.... 

0.222 

0.366 

0.0329 

Trace. 

0.0061 

4.00 

3.93 

2.40 

5.60 

8.00 

Dec. 

5.. . 

0.214 

0.352 

0.0371 

Trace. 

0.0035 

3.87 

3.68 

2.40 

5.10 

7.50 

Dec. 

12.... 

0.222 

0.366 

0.0412 

Trace. 

0.0040 

4.13 

3.23 

2.20 

5.10 

7.30 

Dec. 

19.... 

0.214 

0.352 

0.0370 

Trace. 

0.0045 

3.48 

3.23 

2.40 

5.30 

7.70 

Dec. 

26.... 

0.188 

0.310 

0.0576 

Trace. 

0.0020 

3.22 

3.22 

1.10 

5.00 

6.10 

Average.. 

0.202 

0.332 

0.0452 

0.0005 

0.0078 

3.696 

3.412 

1.909 

4.903 

6.812 


During the first half of the year 1888 the samples were taken from the supply at the 
School of Mines. During the last half they were taken from a hydrant on Fifth avenue, 
which was blown off for three to five minutes before taking the sample. 


IY. METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF ORGANIC WASTES. 

Numerous methods of disposing of the pollution from 
organic sources, which are more or less complete in their 
action, have been suggested. They may be arranged in a 
general classification, such as the following, which will be 
carried more into detail in the discussion of the separate 
items : 

A. Natural organic pollution, such as that from swamps 
and peat bogs, vegetation on the surface of the ground, and 
vegetation in streams and reservoirs. These may be removed 
in part as follows: By (a) isolation and drainage, and (b) 
flooding of the swamps and bogs; by (c) clearing off the 
surface vegetation; by (d) raking out and destroying or 
removing aquatic vegetation, (e) by killing it by change of 
water level and then removing, or (f) by preventing its growth 
by increasing the depth of the water and the slopes of the 
banks by excavation or otherwise. 

















































148 


B. Artificial organic pollution from factories, villages, farm¬ 
houses and tlieir adjuncts, manured fields, roads and streets. 
These may all be abated at once by (a) removing all inhabit¬ 
ants from the territory. All pollution except that from 
manured fields can be more or less completely removed by 
(b) outlet sewers emptying below the dam, with branches, 
pumping stations, etc. The pollution from all factory wastes 
not collected by such sewers can be removed by (c) purifi¬ 
cation of the liquids before entrance into water-courses, and 
destruction or removal to safe distances from the water¬ 
courses of solid refuse. Village wastes can be removed either 
by (d) a water-carriage system, the liquid portions to be 
purified before entrance into the water-courses, and the solids 
to be destroyed or removed to safe distances from the water¬ 
courses. or by (e) a system of dry removal, the contents of 
receptacles being destroyed or removed to safe distances. 
The organic wastes from isolated dwellings or farm-houses 
and their adjuncts can be removed by methods similar to 
those described in (d) and (e), or their deleterious effect 
upon the water can be reduced to insensible amounts by (f) 
removal of the sources of pollution to proper distances from 
water-courses. The danger resulting from manured fields can 
be palliated by (g) restrictions regarding kind, amount, 'and 
manner of application of fertilizers, and regarding locations 
of pastures. The pollution from road and street washings 
can be largely diminished by (h) collection and destruction 
of street dirt, by (i) collection, partial or total, of surface 
drainage from villages and its purification before discharge 
into streams, and by (j) irrigation of sufficient areas of land 
by the road drainage waters, in case of the less frequented 
highways. 

Let us now consider each of these various methods in the order 
above given. 


149 


Aa. Sivamps and Bogs. It will not be difficult in many cases 
to drain or improve mill ponds, swamps, peat-bogs, and tlie like, 
by a system of drainage similar to that carried out at Kirby’s 
pond, concerning which see the descriptions of photographs N la 
to N Id, Plates XXII and XXIII. This will greatly benefit the 
water flowing through such places, which is now often much dis¬ 
colored by vegetable matter. Where the foregoing procedure is 
not expedient, an improvement of the water can be secured by 
the isolation of the swamp or bog, on either hillside or flat land, 
by means of suitable catch-water channels located near the 
margins of such swamps. The clean surface drainage from the 
high districts may thus be kept entirely out of the marshy areas 
and delivered into the main stream at some convenient point 
below, while the swamp itself will undergo corresponding 
improvement by the relief so afforded. Springs of pure water in 
the marsh may likewise be traced out and their waters collected 
into a single channel, so that ultimately the swamp will receive 
little more than the rainfall upon its own area, the greater portion 
of which will disappear by evaporation. 

Ab. In some cases these swampy or peaty places are in the 
bottoms of proposed reservoirs. When these reservoirs are 
built, the depth of water will prevent the further growth of vege¬ 
tation and formation of peat, and the water will flow over rather 
than through the matter, thus eventually eliminating the pollution 
of the water from such cause. 

Ac. Surface Vegetation. Where growth and decay of vegeta¬ 
tion on the surface of the ground is a source of pollution to the 
water, it can be best removed by clearing and removing the 
obnoxious vegetation, and replacing it, if possible, by a more 
favorable growth, changing the conditions sufficiently to render 
the improvement permanent. 

Ad , e,f. Aquatic vegetation. The subject of the growth and 
decay of vegetation in reservoirs has already been partially 
discussed in section E of the second division of this report and 


150 


in the descriptions of the Croton Lake photographs, to which 
reference is now made. That discussion was confined to the 
coarser varieties of aquatic vegetation. On the subject of deal¬ 
ing with the minute algae which flourish at times in reservoirs, 
but little of practical value can as jet be said owing to the lack 
of the necessary experimental data ; but it may be mentioned in 
general that great benefit has resulted from removing muddy 
deposits on the bottoms and margins of streams and ponds, and 
securing at all times a considerable depth of water over such 
places, together with the utmost practicable exclusion of all 
forms of organic matter from the water. The testimony of 
water-works officials throughout the country indicates that, in 
spite of every precaution, such plants will develop in all waters, 
and occasionally to such extent as to cause a disagreeable taste 
and odor therein. No general remedy for these conditions has 
yet been found, and each case must therefore be studied as it 
arises with the view of ascertaining the proper means of avoiding 
its recurrence. In some cases these algae collect on the surface 
in the form of a scum, which may be floated off by means of 
suitably arranged overflows or waste pipes; in other cases they 
are found in largest quantity where the coarser plants are most 
abundant, so that a removal of the latter will be followed imme¬ 
diately by an improvement of the water. Fortunately, however, 
such trouble is usually of short duration and is rarely ever 
attended with any appreciable deterioration of the public health. 
Mention of the necessity of thoroughly purifying the sites of 
buildings to be covered by the water in the new reservoirs was 
omitted in the discussion of them. Its importance is such that 
this should be sufficient to demand for it all the attention it 
deserves. 

Ba. Depopulation. The most complete method of removing 
artificial organic pollution from the Croton water would evidently 
be the complete depopulation of the water-shed. As this would 
involve the purchase of about 361 square miles of valuable land 


161 


and the removal of nearly 25,000 people, the plan is evidently out 
of the question, and we must be content with the nearest possible 
approach to this ideal condition. 

Bb. General Sewerage. It has been suggested that a system 
of sewerage would give a good approximation to the ideal con¬ 
dition. A consideration of the scattered population in the 
country districts, and of the fact that there are not far from 
1,000 miles of roads on the water-slied, will show that an appli¬ 
cation of such a system to the entire area would be all but 
impossible, owing to its enormous cost, and when the amount 
of water which would be necessary to operate such a system 
successfully is computed, the plan will be immediately removed 
from the necessity of consideration. 

Should the system of sewers be restricted to the villages, and 
to such houses as could reach the outlets from the villages, there 
would be required from 40 to 100 miles of outlet sewers to 
accomplish any material result, to which must be added the 
sewerage system of each separate village, and a pumping plant 
for such of them as would be below the grade of the main outlet. 
The villages along the reservoir would all be below a uniform 
grade line drawn from the top of the Quaker Bridge dam to the 
village of Brewster. As the lowest point in that village is not 
more than 370 feet above the Croton datum, and flood level of 
the Quaker Bridge dam is 206 feet above the same datum, the 
fall in such a sewer would be 164 feet in the distance of twenty 
miles, or 8.2 feet per mile. The size of sewer, from which all 
rain-fall is excluded, necessary to give a self-cleansing velocity at 
this grade, would serve a population somewhat greater than that 
on the entire water-shed. The portion of the water-shed above 
Brewster could not be served by this sewer unless laid at 
a still flatter grade. The grades necessary to reach the 
various villages can easily be obtained from the elevations 
given on Plate I and distances measured thereon. A com¬ 
putation of the amount of water necessary for the transportation 


152 


of tlie waste matter witli proper velocity through the system, 
will show quite a large per cent of the available water supply. 
In the case of the sewer to Brewster, above mentioned, the 
grade may be taken at one in 643. To secure a self-cleansing 
velocity of 2.5 feet per second, the sewer must be twenty inches 
in diameter and run at least one-half full, then discharging 
about 1,750,000 gallons per day. Assuming a water supply of 
fifty gallons per head per day, this discharge would correspond 
to a population of about 35,000. For a smaller population 
recourse must be had to the storage of sewage and its inter¬ 
mittent discharge, the size of the conduit remaining the same. 
Should the sewer be laid in tunnel, a better grade could be 
obtained and the volume of flushing water lessened, but as an 
offset we would have the enormous cost of the tunnel, neces¬ 
sarily several times the size of the pipe needed to carry the 
sewage, to give room for the work of driving it. It should be 
remembered also that the number of houses in all the villages 
is but 2,136 out of the 5,056 houses on the entire water-shed; 
hence, by limiting the sewer work to the villages alone, the 
remaining 2,900 houses on the water-slied, of which 1,800 
deserve special attention, will remain uncared for. Furthermore, 
there are in the villages 1,406 of the 5,612 outbuildings on the 
the entire water-slied, and therefore the remaining 4,200 out¬ 
buildings, of which 2,500 have been noted as requiring special 
attention, would thus remain uncared for. These numbers may 
be slightly reduced by subtracting the number of houses which 
could reach the outlet sewers of the villages. Such reduction 
will depend much on the routes chosen for the sewers. It is, 
however, not probable that all the places named in the list of 
villages and hamlets at the end of Table IY would be given 
branch sewers, so that the number to be added may very nearly 
offset the number to be deducted as being in the villages not served. 
An additional expense would be that of purifying the sewage 
before permitting it to enter the stream below, to prevent 


153 


nuisance at or near the point of discharge. It will also be 
necessary to apply other methods for the localities not served, 
should this system be constructed. 

Be. Factory Wastes. The liquid refuse from factories, not 
disposed of through sewers, can be purified by proper filtra¬ 
tion through earth, sand or other suitable materials before 
being discharged into the water-courses or the ground water. 
Solid putrescible refuse should be removed to such distance 
from water-courses that the drainage or leachings from it 
shall not enter the streams without undergoing sufficient 
purification by percolating through the soil. Large deposits 
of such matter should not be made in one place. The safest 
plan would be to remove it entirely from the water-shed. 

Bd. Independent Seioerage for Villages. There are four 
principal sources of organic pollution from villages, (1) the 
human excrement; (2) animal excrement; (3) garbage; (4) 

street and area sweepings and dirt. The first, second and 
possibly the fourth, can be removed by a system of water 
carriage. The second would probably not be so removed 
from choice, owing to the desire to use it as a fertilizer, and 
the third could not be so removed. 

Should all three or the first and fourth be removed by water 
carriage, a “ combined ” system of sewers would be required, 
admitting to the sewers surface drainage as well as house sewage. 
This sewage could not be permitted to enter the water-courses 
without purification. To take care of the water flowing from the 
sewers in times of heavy rain, sewage treatment works of compara¬ 
tively large size, or large storage tanks would be necessary, and 
the sewage would be at times very dilute. Should storm-water 
overflows be provided, a certain amount of sewage, small in 
proportion to the amount of water flowing, but still almost 
the whole amount from the village during the time of action 
of the overflow, would flow into the streams. This would not 

be permissible in the present case. 

20 


154 


Should a “separate” system of sewerage be decided upon for 
a village, sewage-disposal works upon a much smaller scale would 
be necessary. The treatment of street drainage would then be 
a problem by itself, and it might be possible in such case to 
secure the earlier washings of the streets during storms for purifi¬ 
cation, and allow the later, less defiled portions to escape into the 
water-courses. Where the roadways are paved or improved, 
this part of the problem might be rendered easier to solve 
by removing the street dirt by dry removal with the garbage, 
leaving but a small proportion of it to be treated in the drainage 
water. 

Of the systems of sewage disposal there are many varieties, 
which may be gathered into three general classes — the chem¬ 
ical treatment to produce a clarified effiuent; filtration, con¬ 
stant or intermittent, through natural or artificial filters, and 
irrigation on or under the surface. 

It is believed that no chemical treatment yet devised will 
give an effluent sufficiently purified to be at all times abso¬ 
lutely safe for admixture with drinking water. It will, there¬ 
fore, in general, be necessary to use some one of the other 
methods of purification mentioned as an adjunct to the chem¬ 
ical treatment. The sludge precipitated from the sewage in 
the chemical treatment must necessarily be completely deodor¬ 
ized to prevent nuisance, and should then be removed. Its 
use upon land in the immediate vicinity of water-courses, or in 
large quantities simply upon the surface of the land without 
being incorporated therewith, should be prohibited. Since its 
value as a fertilizer is very small, it will be well to destroy it 
entirely. This may be done by drying it or mixing it with 
some combustible material to increase its consistency, when it 
may be carried to the garbage destructor suggested in the fol¬ 
lowing article on dry removal systems, and there consumed. 

• Filtration of sewage through natural or artificial media 
properly requires a previous sedimentation and straining out 


•155 


of tlie solids, together with their deodorization, in order to pre¬ 
vent nuisance arising from the filter beds. This can be best 
attained by some chemical process and its adjuncts. There are 
many systems of filtration, from the most elaborate artificial filter 
to a simple bed formed of natural soil. Most of the methods 
require intermittent action, at least to the extent of changing 
filters for purposes of cleaning. For the efficient filtration of 
the liquid through the earth, intermittence of action is abso¬ 
lutely indispensable. For any system chosen, the requirements 
are freedom from obnoxious odors and purity of effluent. 

Irrigation, whether broad, or subsurface, also requires the 
removal of solids from the sewage to prevent nuisance, or to 
prevent clogging of the subsurface pipes. Greater areas of land 
will be necessary for the application of the system of broad irri¬ 
gation than of that of filtration, owing to the necessity of caring 
for the growing crops. The system of subsurface irrigation 
seems to work fairly well, with proper attention, for small 
amounts of sewage. Larger amounts should probably be 
divided and run into several small plots rather than into one 
large one. Systems of intermittent filtration through land 
and of broad irrigation will require special attention in the 
winter season. Thorough chemical treatment to give as pure an 
effluent as possible will then be necessary to prevent nuisance. 
It is believed that in most cases, and in the weather of most 
winters there will be but little if any trouble found in running 
the clarified effluent over the land as usual, if great pains are 
taken during the cold season to procure as pure an effluent from 
the precipitation works as possible. However, there is always a 
risk of nuisance arising from defects, more or less temporary, 
in the working of the system during the cold season. 

Should the street drainage be collected as a whole, or only 
its more polluted portions, it could be run through similar 
processes to those above described. Should no system of street 
cleaning and dry removal of the refuse be adopted, some method 


156 


of purification would generally be necessary. It would be best 
to adopt one in any case. 

Be. Dry Removal. Of the four principal sources of organic 
pollution from villages, mentioned above, the garbage must be 
treated by a system of dry removal, and all four may be. The 
systems of dry removal may be classed as (1) the pail system, 
including in this term all methods of removal by the use of 
portable receptacles, and (2) the pneumatic systems. The 
requirements in any case are freedom from nuisance, both 
in use and in removal, thoroughness and completeness. It 
is probable that some pail system will be found to be the 
cheapest and in many respects the most satisfactory in nearly 
all cases. It is hard to see how any other method can be 
applied in some instances. A thorough system, carefully con¬ 
ducted with the above requirements in mind, is what is 
necessary. Such systems of various forms are in existence 
of all grades of performance of the duty desired of them. 

The disposal of the collections of human and animal excre¬ 
ment, garbage, and street dirt, as well as of the sludge from 
the chemical treatment of sewage, is a serious problem, for 
which the following solution is offered. Nearly all the vil¬ 
lages on the water-shed — all that should have a system of 
removal of wastes extended over their whole area — are 
situated on the railroads, of which there are three, the 
Harlem division of the New York Central and Hudson River 
railroad, with Mt. Ivisco, Bedford station, Katonah, Golden’s 
Bridge, Purdys, Croton Falls, Brewster, Dykeman, Towners, 
Patterson and Pawling on its main line, and Somers Center 
and Lake Maliopac on its Maliopac branch, and Somers but 
a short distance away; the New York and Northern railroad, 
with Mertens, Kitchawan, Croton Lake, Yorktown, Amawalk, 
West Somers, Baldwin Place, Lake Maliopac, Crafts, Carmel, 
Tilly Foster and Brewster on its main line, and Mahopac 
I alls and Mahopac Mines on its Mahopac Mines branch j 


157 


ami tlie New York and New England railroad, with Beynolds- 
ville, Towners, Dykeman, Brewster and Southeast Center on 
its main line. These lines all converge in the northern part 
of the village of Brewster. It .would be easy to locate a 
crematory or garbage destructor near this point, and to 
transport the solid refuse, and the semi-solid refuse after 
admixture with suitable other matter to give it proper con¬ 
sistency, by means of cars from the various villages to such 
destructor. One central furnace can thus be made to do the 
work for practically all of the villages, and an economical solution 
of the problem is thereby offered. The amount of material 
to be thus disposed of can be approximately estimated by a 
consideration of the various villages, and it will be found that 
the expense of transportation and combustion will be a compara¬ 
tively small proportion of the cost. In some places it would be 
quite difficult to dispose of the solid refuse in any way except 
by burning without danger of nuisance or of pollution of the 
the water, and in all cases it would be necessary to exercise 
extreme care to obviate these dangers. 

Should the animal excrement in villages not be removed at 
frequent intervals by any of the methods suggested, but be 
preserved for use as a fertilizer, strict supervision should be 
exercised over its manner of keeping to see that none of it, nor 
any drainage from it, reaches the water-courses unpurified. 

Bf. Farm Buildings . The wastes from farm houses are 
similar in character to those from villages. Probably the most 
important is the human excrement, which frequently finds its 
way directly into the water-courses, from the fact that privies are 
very often set near the water-courses for the purpose of having 
their deposits carried away. Next in order is the animal excre¬ 
ment, which on a large dairy farm during the winter time 
accumulates to many tons. Any of the methods of sewage 
disposal can be applied to farm houses. That of subsurface 
irrigation has been so applied in a number of instances in other 


158 


localities. A pail system or dry eartli removal can also be 
applied to human excrement. On the other hand privy pits, 
cesspools or outlets from water-closets can be removed to a 
distance from water-courses sufficient to insure purification of 
the liquids by filtration through the soil before the water level 
is reached. Animal excrement must be stored in such 
manner or at such distance from water-courses, that no polluted 
drainage therefrom can reach the water. The drainage from 
yards, pig-pens, chicken-houses, barn-yards, and farm buildings 
and grounds generally, must have efficient purification before 
entering the streams, and this can be best secured by compelling 
the polluted drainage waters to flow over or through the land for 
considerable distances, depending upon the steepness of slope, 
character of ground, whether pervious, as sand, gravel or loam, 
or impervious, as rock, clay, or compacted earth, and upon 
the degree of concentration of the flow in channels. Any 
building, storage place for accumulations of organic matter, or 
yard such as above enumerated, if located within what may be 
called the safe-line, should be so arranged that its drainage shall 
not enter the stream, without undergoing some purifying pro¬ 
cess. Cess-pools and privy-pits should be subjected to similar 
restrictions, but the safe distances in these cases would be 
greater than in the other cases mentioned. 

Bg. Manured Fields . Evidently human excrement, as the 
contents of “pails” or boxes from privies, the solids precipitated 
from sewage, or any other form, should not be deposited near 
water-courses, nor should they be deposited in piles, but they 
should be removed beyond the safe-line, scattered, and 
thoroughly mingled with the earth, to secure their speedy disin¬ 
tegration as organic compounds. The use of other fertilizers 
near streams, and especially reservoirs, should be restricted so as 
to prevent their deposit in large quantities, or their reaching the 
water before they have had time to become incorporated with the 
soil, so far as this is possible. 


159 


Bh, i. Street Refuse and Washings. These items have already 
been discussed in connection with the treatment of villages. A 
removal of the street droppings and refuse by a system of street 
cleaning seems quite necessary to the purity of the surface drain¬ 
age from villages, especially in the case of villages near the 
reservoirs. 

Bj. Road drainage. The cleaning of country roads is less 
important than that of the village streets only because the travel 
on them is less. A method of making them self-cleansing to 
some extent is suggested in section E of the second division of 
this report. This would seem especially appropriate to apply 
near the shores of reservoirs. 

Respectfully submitted. 

CHAS. C. BROWN, 0. E. 


Albany, N. Y., January 26, 1889. 

Dr. Lewis Balch, 

Secretary of State Board of Health: 

Dear Sir. — I have carefully examined the elaborate and 
exhaustive Report of the Sanitary Inspection of the Croton 
Water-shed, by Professor Charles C. Brown, C. E., and fully 
concur in the opinions and suggestions made by him for the 
improvement of the various localities therein mentioned, with 
the view of promoting the purity of the water supply for the city 
of New York. 

Respectfully. 

I . EMIL KUICHLING, 

Consulting Engineer. 





















. 











-‘ inH 'h. . i - 





































PLATES 


PLATE I. — Map of Water-shed. 

PLATES II AND III. — Sketche of Villages in Westchester 
County. 

PLATE IV. — Sketches of Villages in Putnam County. 

PLATES V TO LXIX. — Reproductions of Photographs. 

PLATE LXX. — Diagram Showing Results of Chemical Analyses 
of Croton Water. 









PLATE I 








\ 




















































MAP OF THE WATERSHED 

OF THE 

r 

























CKO 


1 UVER 








' XA a 

J 



T3- 


























FROM 

TH’E AQUEDUCT COMMISSION 
MAP OF THE KOUTE 

- OF THE - 

NEW CROTON AQUEDUCT, 

^ PRESENT AQUEDUCT 

-AND - 

BRONX RIVER PIPE RENTE 

— ALSO THE — 

-WATERSHEDS- 

OFTHE 

CROTON,BRONX ANDBYRAM RIVERS. 


SCALE 

10,00 c 


WITH ADDITIONS. 

TO ACCOMPANY REPORT on 
S AMT ARY INSPECTION 

FOR THE 

STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 

1888. 



a 










Chief Engineer. 

December 31 * T 1886 


11 


Consulting Ens. 


T- 


■ denotes house. 

X m outbuildings. number given. 

Q■ # cemetery. • 

C „ church, 

sh » «School house. 

b h barn draining directly intv watercourse. 

J} H te * m •# 

Al « itnic •* w » *' 

-E t uritr\ number; devatiori above Crete*% datum. 

line of limit of Crjton Watershed. 

I Jfumbers from ltod3Z ere those of TfeperT if inspec¬ 
ts on for City ■Health /Department, accompanying. 
V££li. Point from which., and. direction inuhich pAo- 
~W^< J tograpn was taipn. JtCumbers are those ojlist 
\ »f description s’ of photographs. 

\ I 

Vj_ 

AaC . At: 

W 7 ' -- P A lug. 

~ ■its 
44? 


- 

T * x 


>832, 


J 



■=N. 


U 





N 


{ 






^poUk^iiDGe 




L 



n<.£K 


X, 


~~ r»mm , im C2 


T A 


T e 


t ASSSffc \ iff 

V /*> J ' ' > / ' v V *. L T, f '• 

y£J»\r— \ H \ r 

pfL-l-'P \ ° L--'' 

/ F*** 





V 


/ 


f 


/ 



CH AS HART fi SONS. UTH.36 VESEY ST N Y 















































































































































- ,®SE 



■ dtncie j rtutotitn^ 

0 

outbuilding. 

Q . 

Store mt U, Ac 

C 

fJxurtK. 

i* - 

school no*** 

lr - 

Com e to 

fcp • 

porn, 

AS 

mill 

£ t ur*tn number oltootioij 

Contour 

(inos giro ajojtrmt, 



SKETCHE S OF VILLAGES 

ON THE 

CROTON WATERSHED 

WESTCHESTER COUNTY 

A 

SCALE. 

goo' 


TO ACCOMPANY REPORT ON 
SANITARY INSPECTION 

FOR THE 

STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 

Ifl8a - 


Jom* UoXun I. 

JTumbert or im'tio.Lr m.rm those of 'tefort ojths/toc 
tion jor llft^ aecotnjjn- 

n ift tty 

^ Point jrom > vru.cn anU uirecti «*»/ <// uvcich foo - 
to^ru^n tras (*>{€*. of* oft 1 bote oj 




r ' Consulting Eng. 



CNAS- HART a 50«S UTA H VtSIY ST-N Y 




















































































WESTCHESTER COUNTY 

B 


TO ACCOMPANY REPORT ON 

S AMT ART INS PT 5 CTTON 

FOR TUB 

STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 


/t^<^C-££c+yr C. £ 

v Consui 


2 . 1 ®' / 



South Salem 


sulTino Eng. 





NORTH SALEM. 

11 6 


c 


church. 


$r% 


school house. 


G 


Cemetery. 


k .P 

- 

hart i, pr«Vy. 


to 

• 

mi iL 


E, urith r.u 

•nber c iceotiot) aboi-s 

Croton datum. 

Con 

tour it 

nesytee e/sproii mate 

iterations a bore 


Jume 

datum. 



or initials uCtoiCAoU * name* of eii/ayej or 
to houses are t note */ ftepori of Tru/sectian for 
Cifi, Slfotth -Sfe/iartment, accompany *y. 

^ Point jrom *trtoc\ ond direction it ( %'/j. cA /A* 
tt^rufiA »*»■ toJCtn. ■SKtr* lerj are those of tut 
descriptions of pi,To yu.phs. 


o ** 


1888 . 































































X- 




PLATE IV. 


CM AS MART » SOUS UTH . 36 ViStY ST - N . Y 


BREWSTER 

2, 5 


■ denote' ebteUing. 

□ , outbuild 

oa * store, mi 11 * £ 

^ * church. 

Sh • school house. 

(f - Cemetery, 

hp - 04'n,pri*y. 

fa • mill 

J^unlh number elevation a Save C/W#/y datum. 
Contour tines yte approximate otevaiians aborv 
Home datum. 

Jtumbcrs orwutlais attached to nomesoj vitUgvj or- 
to house* erf those of Report oj fnspection jbr 
CV/y /jeatth department, accompanyt ng. 
P»mtJrotnUrruch. and direction m whichp^o 
toyepk *•* iafen. Jfumoers are those ej /at 
Vj descriptions oj photographs. 


4b Z 


. „a.. / O 5W 

lViri»^ n i 

$10 


PATTERSON. 

i s i 


SKETCHE S OF VILLAGE S 


36< 


OX THE 


CROTON WATERSHED 


PUTNAM COUNTY 


TO ACCOMPANY REPORT ON 
SANITARY INS PECTION 

FOR THE 

STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 

18 8 d • C^/^4 c*- C, *>'. 


c. a, 

e Con 


CoN»ULTIf.O £ NO. 




















































162 




i 


near Head of arm 












































































































PLATE VII 



163 


and barns at extreme riirlit 






























































































































































PLATE VIII 



164 














































XI UlLV'TcI 



16 5 


CROTOM LAKE, 8.— Continuation of 7 to tlie riglit ami off) to tlie left. Muscoot liill on tlie riglit. 






















































































































































X aXVTdE 



166 


CROTON LAKE, 9.— Continuation of 8 to tlie riglit. Present lake shows in tlie center 































































































































































































































































PLATE XI 



167 


CROTON LAKE. 10.— Showing character of slopes in arm of new reservoir, looking up valley of first brook on north 

jm .. i_l_ if _11 ; i i 





















































































































PLATE XII 



lf,8 





































































































PLATE XIII 



Z ® 

^ m 

- ® 
•« 

- * 
*2 


s o 
•5 M 
®.2 


H $ 

- — 

i ■*• 

-5 

§2 
S'* 
5 0 
H* 
ft o 
p 

■*» 

bfl ” 


® if) 

,p- 


o ® 

■*• •t - 

H ® 

1 H ® 

H 

<N " 

o 2 

a" 
c _ 




















































































































































































■ 

















. 






PLATE XIV 


1 





CROTON RAKE, 13.— Continuation of 13 to tile right'. Nelson’s race track; on tike l ight. Muscoot River runs along row 

of trees in middle ground. 




























































































































.r m 

\ V?. 

c, mnm 

yal 

\l ' is(:% 

r* ? ®fo¥ 7 : 

wBafeSr^f 

MM* 


gts 
* — 


<« © 
V £ 

■■H 

2 J 
£ V 

** S 
sj 



171 











































































































































































































































PLATE X\ I 



173 


CROTON LAKE, 16. — Continuation of 15 to riglit. Tlie proposed Muscoot dam site at WoodsLridge is near tlie Louses 
in tlie background on tlie left. Tlie otlier proposed site is to tlie riglit of tlie right side of tlie picture. 
































































































PtiA'x jUi A VII, 


/ 


V 





173 





t- *2 
■N Jj 

S " 

ej.5 


®r 


« 

»a 


e - : 
* j? c 

o 

4 0.2 

®£2 
ft »N 


* 


0/ x 

S o 


i—i io 

®* - 
« 0 - 
S 5 px 

Ec-a 

g« a 


- c 
S'* » 

£ e a 

*»g 

S V 

1- S M 

® 

a ^ 

J! ft *H 


So 

w* £, 


si 


h 


^ x"« r 
«s r , rt 
£ h o 
* e * 

« C • S 

1=^2 

H -c > 

« F 5 a 

2 o 

H » if . 
n o « »*> 

W »-s s 

^5? 2 

^ a a <3 

© 

Eh 

0 

w 





































































































, 









PL.ATE XVIII 






17A 

































































PLATE XIX. 



175 


C’ROTOX LAKE, 83.— Continuation of 38 to right from slightly different point of view. Croton River bridge of 33 is 

seen on left of center. Titicus River at its junction with Croton River in the center. 







































































































































































































































































































PLATE XX 



176 


to loft across center of picture 




















































































































































































































































































































































„ 


























































































. 














PLATE XXI. 



177 


































































































































































































































































































































































































































PL.ATE XXII. nnvFK 



X lb.— Kirby’s Pond (Kisco Lake). Village on bank, House and 

outbuildings on water’s edge. 


PLATE XXIII. 



]V Id._Kirby’s Pond (Kisco Lake) in process of drainage. 

178 


























































































































































































PL.ATE XXIV 



]V 3 _Outbuildings on banks of and over outlet to Kirby’s Pond 

(Kisco River) in village of Mt. Kisco, 

PLATE XXV. 



]V _Tail-race and mill buildings at pond just below Kirby’s 

Pond on Kisco River. 

170 














































































































































































































































































































PL.ATE XXVI 



A.— Mill buildings and refuse dump. Same place at X 3. 

PLATE XXVII. 



N 8.—Hotel and outbuildings on and over ditcb in village of Mt. Kisco. 

180 





























































































































































■ ■ 













• 
















PLATE XXVIII 


N 



181 


X 5.— Shop, outbuildings, barn, pig pen, etc., on and over brook in village of Mt. KLisco. 








































































































































- 






















































PLATE XXIX 





11 il# 


I 

6 




isa 


Western portion of village of Mt. Kisco. Continuation of X 7 to tire left. 































































PLATE XXX 



183 


Eastern portion of flat part of village of Mt. Kiseo. Continuation of X (> to tlie riglit 

























































































































■ ' 











* - 



PLATE XXXI 



.\V* > 




-■ 'SH i 6^(i.r 






• •'>*_. 

;x7. 


c 


KATOJfAH, lb.— Barley pit near sbore line of new reservoir. 

PLATE XXXII. 



KATONAH, 3.— Slaughter-lionse, pens and barn on bank of C ross River. 

184 








































































































































































. 




























> . ' J 















PLATE XXXIII 



183 


KATOXAH, 3.— Carriage shop and barn on bank of Cross River. 



































































































































































































































































•I, 

























Fff* u j, .-'Xl 


r* 

H 

* 

* 

a 

H 

«*< 

- 

a 



18 C 


KATONAH, 4—Houses, barns anl outbuildings, ami street on bank of Cross River 





























































































































































































































































































- 










. 






















- 























PLATE XXXV 





I wffitqm 


/ <]. 


187 


KATONAH, 6.—House, barns and outbuildings on bank of Cross River. At extreme right is the outlet of a sewer or drain 



















































































































































































































. 






















PLATE XXXVI 



188 



































































































































































iiaxxx axvid 



189 


KATOIVAH, 10.—Cemetery in rear of cliurcli. House anil outbuilding $ on extreme right 






































. 








. 













































































. 
















PLATE XXXVIII 



190 



















































































































































































PLATE XXXIX 



PURDYS, 1.—Barn, outbuilding and bouse on south bank of Titicus Rivei 


PLATE XL. 



191 
























































































































































































































































PLATE Xlil 



PURDYS, 3.— Barn, condensed mi'k factory and outbuildings on 

soufli bank of Tit lens River. 

PLATE XLiII. 



PURDYS, 4._Shop, house and outbuildings on south bank of Titicus River. 

193 













































































































































PRATE XLiIII 



193 


CROTON FALLS, 2 .— Barns, outbuildings and garbage dump on east bank of C'roton River. 


















































































PLATE XLI\ 



104 


CROTON PALLS, 3.—General view of village. Croton River at foot of steep bank behind buildings 


















































































PLATE XLV 



195 


YORKTOW1V.— Village draining Into swamp and creelc in middle ground 







































































































































































































PLATE XLVI 



196 


MAHOPAC, 5.— Southerly shore of Lake. Continuation of 4 to tlie right. Hotel building* on water’s edge- 




































































































































































































































PLATE XLVIII 



197 


MAHOPAC, 8.— Soutli sliore of Lake. Continuation of 9 to tlie left 
















































































































































































































































































































PLATE L 



198 


BREWSTER, 2.— Southwest extension of village along east tirancli of Croton River. Bridge over river on extreme riglit 



































































































- 












a 

a 

fc 



% 

d 


tc 

•H 


o 

O 

a 

0 

•N 


c 

O 


>» 

•H 


c 

0 


<N 

o 

A 

o 


■** 

95 

a 

Oi 

sc 

** 

m 

o 

d 

o 

tc 

d 

rH 

•H 

V 

v. 

o 


o 

■H 

95 


X 

o 


/. 

o 

'* 

H 


0 

» 

I 

w 


a 

a 

h 

CB 

£ 

a 

a 

- 


199 














































































































. 





■sSH IIH I i 111 




























PLATE LII 



300 


BREWSTER, 4.—Principal part of village. Continuation of 3 to tlie riglit 




































































































































- 

r 


’ 









j 














PLATE LIII 



301 


BREWSTER, 5.— View of rear of buildings in 3, showing drainage into river 






































































































1 . 














PLATE LIV 



303 


BREWSTER, 7.—Under tlie main street, showing tlie entrances of four sewers into Tonetta Brook 





































































































































































































































































































































































































» •• . • • *- v .. 

* . • I 

































































































PLATE LV 



303 


BREWSTER, 8.— Rear of stores on south side of Main street, showing drainage into Tonetta Brook 






















































































































































































































































































m \m 













. 


■ 


















PLATE LVI 



30d 


BREWSTER, 9.—Condensed milk factory 















































































































PLATE LVII 



305 
















































































































































































































































































PLATE LVIII 



TILLY FOSTER, ‘2.—Mine buildings from the north 











































































































































































































. 














































t»L,ATfi L.X 



TIBET FOSTER, 


3_ 


Barn on west bank of Middle Branch Reservoir 
opposite iron mines. 


PLATE LXI. 



BREWSTER, 1.— Slaughter-house draining into low place in foreground, 

tlience into Tonetta Brook. 


207 
























































































































































































































































































































































PLATE LXII 



£08 


CARMEL, 1.—General view of village, showing slopes of ground. 






































































































































. / 






PLATE LXIII 



20 y 


CARMEL, 5.— Buildings on east shore of Lake Rleneida 



































































































































































PLATE LXV 



310 


CARMEL, ( 7 .— Buildings at northeast corner of Lake Grleneitla. 










































































































































































































































































































































































. 


















, 

* 




















PLATE LXV1 



311 


COLE’S MILLS, l.-Hou ses till(l mill over West Uraiicli of Ci’oton Rivei*. 

























































































































































































































































































































































































PLATE LXVII 



212 


COLE’S MILLS, 2.— Burns and liouse on AVest Branch of Croton River 






















































































































































































































I 






* 










































.. 









. i . 










' > ■ • 











PLATE LiXVIII 



213 


BOYD’S CORNERS, 3.—Buildings on west shore of reservoir north of Kent Clitfs i>ostoi3ice. 

































































































































































































































10< 


Jan 

3 




ii 

o/lPTi 

<V * 


i 

aJuiti 

L-fcfeW ij 

1 


ttt 

1 


2. 

6Vtl 

_ i 


0 

Swj 

o 

$ 

40- 
























A 



$- 























J 

/ 

/ 

/ 

v> 


pu 

lit. 

\ 


r 

/ 

1 

\ 

\ 

A 







A 

\/ 



r< 

; 


v 



9 

/ 

I 

9 





V 




* 

• 

\ 

• 

M 

'\ 

\ 

i. 




A 

> 







\ 

V 

/ V 

A. 

l 

J 












V 

% 

\ 

"\ 


/ 




















A 
























W.r 

! 

• 

L»» 

V 

/ 

/ 

V 

d 

/ » 

' V 
« 

' 

\ 











< 



k- 



£ 

y" 

A 

0 m 

v 

7 





« 

jr 

\\ 

i 

♦ 

UWM 

✓ 

# ^ 








r’ 





r* 






























*■ 






































1885 - '»*!«<) a -— L^kki - I^u.qi 16 iiSmf 3o0rfri5- 3oJf 0 i^ f li> 


/ 


if 


vA 

£,OA° 

vV 

f/ 


V' 




.,.***' u 1 


/ 

40 

\ 

• 

v 






i 


Q 

A 

i 

\ 









« 

) 

% 







7 


\ 

% 

i 


i 

i 

’’vJ 

"\ 


✓ 

/ 

!/ 

$ 


T 

• 

1 

1 

9 

i J 

f 

~ 


i 

\ 

/ 

/ 

# 




\r 

V 


_ 



a 



A 

k 

A 

\ 

\ 

■**\ 

/: 

V / 

7S 

> 

K 

\ 

« V* 

_ 1 / 




\ 

V 

rV 1 

A 

V 

y 







V 


V 


\y 

i 



s* 



/\ 

/ 

< 


A 

Awm, 



^b, 

V 

J 

% 



_ 

1 _L —„1 



PLATE LXX 

>888 Jg>liy 3 oTeb it *a,ffarjy JoUprM tpifagl Z9 J»>i O tgJul <» 2 jj)»-<| >t 11 St? >< f.60ctlt li Aovld IS Dec '<1 2f 



EXAMINATIONS OF CROTON WATER 


1876, 1885-6 AND 1.888 























































































































































































































































































































































/ 




























